tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-130425372024-03-08T01:47:40.477+09:00arikameduancient city of PODUKE seven kilometers south of puducherry or pondicherry in South India.Unknownnoreply@blogger.comBlogger24125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-13042537.post-48040877027843038802012-01-18T21:12:00.000+09:002012-01-18T21:12:29.677+09:00ARIKAMEDU SITE DEVASTATED AFTER CYCLONE<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.youtube.com/embed/3tplcK6jGzM?feature=player_embedded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div><br />
</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com35tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-13042537.post-24864545134185780332012-01-18T17:29:00.000+09:002012-01-18T17:29:35.267+09:00<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.youtube.com/embed/44DeSgNjzIo?feature=player_embedded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div><br />
</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-13042537.post-64422696315784896132012-01-18T17:08:00.000+09:002012-01-18T17:08:55.703+09:00<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><br />
</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0Puducherry, Pondicherry, India11.9309645 79.78518179999991811.8167425 79.702151799999925 12.0451865 79.868211799999912tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-13042537.post-44132457095417981232012-01-15T21:08:00.000+09:002012-01-15T21:08:40.046+09:00ARIKAMEDU SITE DEVASTATED AFTER CYCLONE TIMES OF INDIA REPORT<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><a href="http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/ml.asp?Ref=VE9JQ0gvMjAxMi8wMS8xNSNBcjAwNzAw&Mode=Gif&Locale=english-skin-custom">http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/ml.asp?Ref=VE9JQ0gvMjAxMi8wMS8xNSNBcjAwNzAw&Mode=Gif&Locale=english-skin-custom</a></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-13042537.post-21650008015068365072012-01-14T12:32:00.000+09:002012-01-14T12:32:05.882+09:00ARIKAMEDU SITE DEVASTATED AFTER CYCLONE<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGXmaQRhvYfEVHcpl4v1AOlUa9YLnxYEbulaLX4bfPYDNTXl-rXEIk3wFicv5xIcwyHex2RLFj_b22s9NGl_9I0rb1s_HAuN7UdoKRmjLKtxsNABiBHGwvpmqAeu1GtEMjSnnE/s1600/akmd_cyclone15.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGXmaQRhvYfEVHcpl4v1AOlUa9YLnxYEbulaLX4bfPYDNTXl-rXEIk3wFicv5xIcwyHex2RLFj_b22s9NGl_9I0rb1s_HAuN7UdoKRmjLKtxsNABiBHGwvpmqAeu1GtEMjSnnE/s320/akmd_cyclone15.JPG" width="320" /></a></div><br />
</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-13042537.post-39085694359134162442012-01-14T12:21:00.000+09:002012-01-14T12:21:08.380+09:00ARIKAMEDU SITE DURING WHEELER EXCAVATION 1945<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7_Z3BTUBAKr80gR2H-OWYmNBMbykAXssHUpPwXFHQTfEnBM_YQCylA_hYHtOe2h6eGdLEcFQ8JeS307sBE2w6-0HPk3qPjpJ7EnBI-mZl19pBcf9LpnyD3F_P-PLqwUBzGAua/s1600/01TH-OPEDARIKAMEDU_671933f.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7_Z3BTUBAKr80gR2H-OWYmNBMbykAXssHUpPwXFHQTfEnBM_YQCylA_hYHtOe2h6eGdLEcFQ8JeS307sBE2w6-0HPk3qPjpJ7EnBI-mZl19pBcf9LpnyD3F_P-PLqwUBzGAua/s320/01TH-OPEDARIKAMEDU_671933f.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br />
</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-13042537.post-49656068195468639552012-01-13T16:24:00.000+09:002012-01-13T16:24:43.091+09:00ARIKAMEDU SITE DEVASTATED AFTER CYCLONE<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRhV2jh0H4hePgMGmLN_OLO6FGs4s-CEH0SjEUC5us03IbC9FehpBdsA0SM1NEfGAzkt0f70PfOiloj9MaAznnXKyhTGrbaoS-csBI7trSskXfB4Swavkaej0OSa62_m7Yq57k/s1600/IMG_3673.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRhV2jh0H4hePgMGmLN_OLO6FGs4s-CEH0SjEUC5us03IbC9FehpBdsA0SM1NEfGAzkt0f70PfOiloj9MaAznnXKyhTGrbaoS-csBI7trSskXfB4Swavkaej0OSa62_m7Yq57k/s320/IMG_3673.JPG" width="320" /></a></div><br />
</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-13042537.post-82530959964736292052012-01-13T14:41:00.000+09:002012-01-13T14:41:51.608+09:00ARIKAMEDU SITE DEVASTATED AFTER CYCLONE<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6RGsDQAZfG2x8_ZvD57V77mU-n5kM69VLpNQj1kpxqzaP1nd6ltrjyGzAxYp9ZvURiP017krPnu3zEcVcAK5AQWWQXsEgAjElOJycsTGH0EcCQn_YsTH9Aat2mEOvyUABCJgW/s1600/IMG_3675.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6RGsDQAZfG2x8_ZvD57V77mU-n5kM69VLpNQj1kpxqzaP1nd6ltrjyGzAxYp9ZvURiP017krPnu3zEcVcAK5AQWWQXsEgAjElOJycsTGH0EcCQn_YsTH9Aat2mEOvyUABCJgW/s320/IMG_3675.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>Ms.Clare Fanning visiting the site Photo by Caren H. Dashow </div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-13042537.post-15922837120964432792012-01-13T00:27:00.001+09:002012-01-13T00:28:23.221+09:00ARIKAMEDU SITE DEVASTATED AFTER CYCLONE<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhz-Q484T7zXA6CnIUYfPTZTpNFM08gtFabp_tt9ENtymq7fyv4cwSAra8MHYv4XlU1aeEPbsvL_EP8a6BMgurgrhUwgEq5TrbalXUU3TE4HyrqqlnNMYMPqcRwNalirvpihyphenhyphenlo/s1600/IMG_3662.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhz-Q484T7zXA6CnIUYfPTZTpNFM08gtFabp_tt9ENtymq7fyv4cwSAra8MHYv4XlU1aeEPbsvL_EP8a6BMgurgrhUwgEq5TrbalXUU3TE4HyrqqlnNMYMPqcRwNalirvpihyphenhyphenlo/s320/IMG_3662.JPG" width="320" /></a></div><br />
</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-13042537.post-24666720424213598672012-01-13T00:24:00.000+09:002012-01-13T00:24:47.526+09:00ARIKAMEDU SITE DEVASTATED AFTER CYCLONE<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjo1Tx4o15VogyyiB31K0d4IcL5flKYzNgRAyVIJS_eo9u19vAYrClcruQCBtEFsc16f0pc6b3Za_sFUU6wgJ7ONK43pVz7AI8_3IM3q40Bqjdo2EZ3SbB9qPlLVwNXa0zQElQK/s1600/IMG_3661.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjo1Tx4o15VogyyiB31K0d4IcL5flKYzNgRAyVIJS_eo9u19vAYrClcruQCBtEFsc16f0pc6b3Za_sFUU6wgJ7ONK43pVz7AI8_3IM3q40Bqjdo2EZ3SbB9qPlLVwNXa0zQElQK/s320/IMG_3661.JPG" width="320" /></a></div>An ancient ring well used for textile industry in Arikamedu</div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-13042537.post-69259200747482295542012-01-03T13:53:00.000+09:002012-01-03T13:53:48.474+09:00ARIKAMEDU SITE DEVASTATED AFTER CYCLONE<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">Arikamedu archaeological site has been very badly damaged by the cyclone Thana , which hit Puducherry on new year eve. The palm trees along the river bank have been uprooted. Many valuable artifacts of the site have been washed away to the river and sea. Fishing boats from opposite bank have landed along the site. The fishermen are trying to take the boat from the mud. The exposed walls which divide the site in to south and north grids have fallen down partially. The French Mission house, the only visible architecture structure is still intact though big trees fallen into it .<br />
<br />
There is an urgent need to save this precious piece of our collective memory . The authorities are not concerned about protecting valuable remains. <br />
Watch Video <a href="http://youtu.be/44DeSgNjzIo">http://youtu.be/44DeSgNjzIo</a></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-13042537.post-72171801807309776142010-12-22T01:38:00.000+09:002010-12-22T01:39:33.715+09:00New Photos of Arikamedu by Iqbal.MKhttp://www.facebook.com/album.php?aid=240898&id=663693758&l=fa7b3bbf2fUnknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-13042537.post-1943796068692245202010-12-20T21:43:00.000+09:002010-12-20T21:43:12.448+09:00ARIKAMEDU<a href="http://www.arikamedu.com/">ARIKAMEDU</a>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-13042537.post-44612112377114231542010-12-20T21:34:00.000+09:002010-12-20T21:35:43.512+09:00Starting with Beads on the Via VitroStarting with Beads on the Via Vitro<br />by Heidi Scheffler and Stephane Ruault<br /><br />Heidi Scheffler and Stephane Ruault are stained glass artists at the beginning of their careers. They are in the middle of an eight-month journey along Roman glass trade routes visiting historical sites in eight countries while meeting and working with contemporary glass artists and artisans. Their goal is to create a body of work that reflects the history of stained glass as well as to collect work from their contemporaries for a Via Vitro exhibit upon their return to France.<br /><br />Our journey began with a stretch of the imagination. India as the starting point for the history of stained glass? Actually, India is perhaps the best place in the world to get a feel for what primary and secondary glass production may have been like during the beginning of glassblowing around the first century until about the twelfth century when evidence of stained glass as an established art in Europe finally abounds. Not academics or scientists ourselves, we nevertheless used their "stories" to build this journey in order to tell other stories--stories of exchange between cultures and peoples fueled by a love of this fascinating material, which when molten glows with a fiery light, and when blown transmits the same. This light unites us all without belonging to any.<br /><br />One such story is that of the beadmakers of Papanaidupet, a medium-sized village in Andhra Pradesh State. They are the last inheritors of a beadmaking technique that perhaps dates back to as early as 2500 BC. At that time the beadmakers worked in Arikamedu, a large port south of Pondicherry known to the Greeks as Poduke. It was a booming, global center of trade between India and the rest of Southeast Asia as well as with the empires of Greece and Rome. Arikamedu beads as well as the technology for making them have been found far and wide. The only people who continue the tradition today ply their art at the ten workshops left in Papnaidupet.<br /><br />We decided to visit the village because of a thin piece of evidence linking one of the tools they use for beadmaking with the blowpipe developed in Phoenicia. The blowpipe led to flat glass and flat glass allowed for the art of stained glass to be born. Before travelling south, we were able to visit the industrial city of Firozabad where raw glass is produced for all Indian secondary glass production centers today. We were struck by its position not unlike that of Tyre in modern day Lebanon for example, which may have produced raw glass for Mediterranean and Eropean countries as far north as England. Whereas Tyre is now an archaeological site strewn with sparkling evidence of its glasmaking past, Firozabad is a pulsing, fuming town whose glass production is still very much alive.<br /><br />Thanks to raw glass chunks from Firozabad and an ancient process which demands varied tools, a perfectly designed clay furnace, and long hours of precise workmanship, the beadmakers of Papnaidupet produce the smallest beads in the world. Starting at 6pm they begin to build up the fire in the kiln using locally gathered wood and twigs. When it has reached a sufficient temperature, they melt the raw glass on a slab at the back of the furnace. When this starts to become molten, one man gathers some of the mix onto a hollow iron stick with a smooth wooden length for handling which will eventually hold fifty kilos of molten glass on its tip, rolled into a gigantic cone-shaped lollipop. Five men are needed to turn, prop, and heft the weight between the burning furnace, the raw glass slab, and the shaping stone.<br />After many manipulations, a thin iron tool is pushed through this long tube into the molten cone and out the other end. The cone thus pierced, and at the precise moment when the temperature is perfect, another man can peek through a smaller hole on the opposite side of the furnace, grab glass with a hooked tool from the inside of the pierced cone, and pull it out across the floor. The floor is precisely measured so that when the now tiny tube reaches the opposite end of the hut, it has cooled into a perfect, brittle, hollow length of glass. The man at this end of the hut will pull uniform lengths of tube continuously for the next eight hours, while the man at the other end will turn the molten cone in the furnace. The men are proportionate to their roles, the one hefty and strong, the other petite and delicate. They will be relieved for one or two ten minute breaks in the eight hour period, but otherwise will perform their repetitive tasks throughout the night until the fifty kilo cone has been completely pulled into thousands of glass tubes with a diameter of less that two millimeters. Finally the tubes will be finely chopped into beads, cleaned and strung for sale.<br />The tool used for gathering and shaping the glass cone is hollow, and there is one step in the beginning of the process in which the worker blows into the end of the tool, I imagine in order to create the space for the piercing tool to eventually move through the entire mass. Throughout this journey we have seen that ideas and creation never happen in a vacuum but thanks to meetings and exchange, it is not hard to believe that at some point someone came trading to the port of Arikamedu and saw this technique, or a bead maker went traveling and spread this technique, which set off a spark which set off another, and the blowpipe was born. Though this speculation is far from being scientifically proven, it is a story which rocks the imagination and makes of the port of Arikamedu and the village of Papanaidupet the first stop on our Via Vitro.<br />The Via Vitro Project was first imagined and researched by Heidi Scheffler and made possible by the Mary Elvira Stevens Travelling Fellowship, Wellesley College and the Ludwig Vogelstein Foundation, Shelter Island, New York.<br />Via Vitro<br />Heidi Scheffler and Stephane Ruault<br />176, rue d'Alesia<br />75014 Paris<br /><a href="http://www.viavitro.net/">www.viavitro.net</a><br /><a href="mailto:heidi@viavitro.net">heidi@viavitro.net</a><br />stephane@viavitro.netUnknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-13042537.post-1123135366145109402005-08-04T14:59:00.000+09:002006-04-14T18:58:02.536+09:00Archaeological remains from Arikamedu and its trade network<div class="Section1" style="width: 687px; height: 5674px;"> <p> </p> <p> </p> <h1 style="margin-right: -31.7pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="line-height: 200%;font-size:10;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></h1> <h1 style="margin-right: -31.7pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="line-height: 200%;font-size:10;" >Archaeological remains from <i style="">Arikamedu</i> and its trade network<o:p></o:p></span></h1> <h1 style="margin-right: -31.7pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="line-height: 200%;font-size:10;" ><o:p></o:p></span></h1> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -31.7pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="line-height: 200%;font-family:Arial;font-size:10;" >Ravitchandirane P.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -31.7pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="line-height: 200%;font-family:Arial;font-size:10;" ><o:p></o:p></span></p> <h5 style="margin-right: -31.7pt; line-height: 200%;"><st1:place st="on"><st1:placename st="on"></st1:placename></st1:place><span style="line-height: 200%;font-family:Arial;font-size:10;" ><o:p></o:p></span></h5> <h5 style="margin-right: -31.7pt; line-height: 200%;"><st1:city st="on"><st1:place st="on"></st1:place></st1:city><span style="line-height: 200%;font-family:Arial;font-size:10;" ><o:p></o:p></span></h5> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -31.7pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="line-height: 200%;font-family:Arial;font-size:10;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -31.7pt; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 200%;"><span style="line-height: 200%;font-family:Arial;font-size:10;" >The publication of Wheeler in 1945, together with the periodical articles and recent publications dealing with <i style="">Arikamedu</i> by Vimala Begley and others, dispenses with need of description of the Red Sea ports and <st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on">Indonesia</st1:place></st1:country-region> sites discussed here in connection with <i style="">Arikamedu</i> trade.<span style=""> </span><i style="">Arikamedu</i> (an eroding mound) was identified with the emporium <i style="">Poduke</i> of <i style="">Periplus</i> <i style="">Maris Erythraei</i> (here after PME) by G. Jouveau-Dubreuil<a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=13042537&postID=112313536614510940#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:10;" >[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> and as Indo-roman trading station by Wheeler after his excavation<a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=13042537&postID=112313536614510940#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:10;" >[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>.<span style=""> </span>The industrial base and chronological data was reconsidered by Vimala Begley<a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=13042537&postID=112313536614510940#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:10;" >[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> succeeded by Casal<a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=13042537&postID=112313536614510940#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:10;" >[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>.<span style=""> </span>All the excavations confirmed the existence of a port with brick structures dating from early Christian era, which has close trade connections with the west.<span style=""> </span>The Indian artifacts from Red Sea ports in Egypt<a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=13042537&postID=112313536614510940#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:10;" >[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> and Sembiran in Bali island of Indonesia<a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=13042537&postID=112313536614510940#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:10;" >[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> are now established a fact that <i style="">Arikamedu</i> was center of ancient over seas trade that run east and west.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -31.7pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="line-height: 200%;font-family:Arial;font-size:10;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <h4 style="margin-right: -31.7pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="line-height: 200%;font-size:10;" >The Excavations and its findings<o:p></o:p></span></h4> <p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-right: -31.7pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="line-height: 200%;font-size:10;" >Between 1941 and 1944, a small-scale excavations were undertaken by French Scholars.<span style=""> </span>They plotted two grids oriented north south, for what were then considered to be the important areas for the excavations.<span style=""> </span>However, Sir Mortimer Wheeler first introduced the scientific method of excavation at <i style="">Arikamedu</i> in <st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on">India</st1:place></st1:country-region> in the summer of 1945.<span style=""> </span>Following Wheeler, J.M Casal excavated fairly extensive area, more than any other excavations.<span style=""> </span>Wheeler divided <i style="">Arikamedu</i> into two sectors like north and south whereas Casal named those sectors as one and two.<span style=""> </span>50 years after Wheeler and Casal excavations, we were unable to locate the place of their excavations.<span style=""> </span>We made two trenches on where Wheeler and Casal excavated and fixed a permanent datum point for the future study.<span style=""> </span>Our team under the direction of Vimala Begley made 10 sq.m grid site map and plotted the previous excavated areas, the structural remains, the features exposed above the ground level and Vimala’s new trenches.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -31.7pt; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 200%;"><span style="line-height: 200%;font-family:Arial;font-size:10;" >The excavators of <i style="">Arikamedu</i> excavated a little further along the riverbank south found the remains of a small collection of dwellings, which had probably been a fishing village<a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=13042537&postID=112313536614510940#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:10;" >[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>.<span style=""> </span>But with the development of trade in the beginning of the Christian era, the primitive village was gently abandoned/developed, and the brick-built harbor town came into existence.<span style=""> </span>Along the riverbank north the excavators uncovered a vast basin dug out of the earth.<span style=""> </span>It has been traced back from the river for the distance of forty meters.<span style=""> </span>It was identified as a dock/ware house.<span style=""> </span>The discovery of dyeing vats, lined pits, floors and conduit thought out the riverbank.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -31.7pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="line-height: 200%;font-family:Arial;font-size:10;" ><span style=""> </span>Apart from the architectural features the artifacts such as ceramic both Indian and foreign, terracotta objects, stones, shells, bone and wooden objects, are found in all excavations.<span style=""> </span>Among the findings of <i style="">Arikamedu</i> the <i style="">terra sigillata</i><span style=""> </span>(so called <i style="">Arretine</i>) is the most important one.<span style=""> </span><i style="">Terra sigillata</i> means Red glazed ware, which was specially used as a table wares by the Romans.<span style=""> </span>So far, in <st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on">India</st1:place></st1:country-region> <i style="">terra sigillata </i>has been found only at <i style="">Arikamedu</i>.<span style=""> </span>It has been assumed that westerners residing at Arikamedu used the sigillata<a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=13042537&postID=112313536614510940#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><i style=""><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style=""><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:10;" >[8]</span></b></span><!--[endif]--></span></i></span></a>.<span style=""> </span>In addition, nowhere in the world beyond the Roman boundary except two places we do not have find <i style="">terra sigillata</i> one is at Timma in South Arabia<a style="" href="http://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=13042537&postID=112313536614510940#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=""><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style=";font-family:Arial;font-size:10;" >[9]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> and another one is at <i style="">Arikamedu</i> in <st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on">India</st1:place></st1:country-region>.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -31.7pt; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 200%;"><span style="line-height: 200%;font-family:Arial;font-size:10;" >There were various industrial activities took place in <i style="">Arikamedu</i>.<span style=""> </span>Metal workers, glass blowers, shell cutters, craftsmen in precious and semi-precious stones and ivory workers were grouped in this area, making or assembling the objects which were exported over seas.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -31.7pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="line-height: 200%;font-family:Arial;font-size:10;" ><span style=""> </span>Until now it was believed that <i style="">Arikamedu</i> was essentially made for Roman trade that held between 1st century BC and 2 century AD.<span style=""> </span>In our recent research we have encounted considerable quantities of pottery and documented several architectural features dated from 3 century BC to French times.<span style=""> </span>Finds of Chola coins, Chinese celadon pottery and others East Asian glazed wares, suggest the occupation and some involvement in medieval east-west maritime relation.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -31.7pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="line-height: 200%;font-family:Arial;font-size:10;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -31.7pt; line-height: 200%;"><b style=""><span style="line-height: 200%;font-family:Arial;font-size:10;" >In-land relation</span></b><span style="line-height: 200%;font-family:Arial;font-size:10;" ><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-right: -31.7pt; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 200%;"><span style="line-height: 200%;font-size:10;" >The direct evidence for the over land trade contact of east cost seaports for many years was focused on literary materials.<span style=""> </span>The ancient Tamil works referred the trade between ancient seaports and the inland urban centers in various parts of ancient Tamil country.<span style=""> </span>Debate has continued among scholars over the inland transshipment of commodities that reached <i style="">Arikamedu</i> for export purpose, and the imported commodities of <i style="">Arikamedu</i> that distributed to the inland urban centers.<span style=""> </span>The identification of <i style="">Kottaimedu</i> and Sorappattu near Puranasigapalayam, particularly when pot sherd findings brought to the <st1:place st="on"><st1:placename st="on">Pondicherry</st1:placename> <st1:placetype st="on">Museum</st1:placetype></st1:place>.<span style=""> </span>I have made two surveys on <i style="">Kottaimedu</i> for the Iron Age-Pondicherry project.<span style=""> </span>During my survey I have discovered abundant pottery, a ring well and debris of ancient architecture-bearing deposits on the north bank of Pambai <i style="">Vaykkal</i> that links the rivers South Pennar and the Gingee, 8 Km., before it flows into the Gingee river.<span style=""> </span>The finds from the surface show imported and local archaeological materials dating first and second century AD.<span style=""> </span>The finds include the sherd of an amphora, and course Rouletted ware, together with sherds of bowls and dishes, the bluntly pointed base of a large storage jar and top, body and lower fragments of tall conical vessel tapering down to a point at the base.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -31.7pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="line-height: 200%;font-family:Arial;font-size:10;" ><span style=""> </span>These discoveries at <i style="">Kottaimedu</i> suggest that the contacts between <i style="">Arikamedu</i> and <i style="">Kottaimedu</i> had already occurred in the first century AD.<span style=""> </span>It also suggests that the inland transshipment were not carried along the river Ginger and its banks beyond Suthukeni and Tiruvakkarai.<span style=""> </span>The geological Archaean (granite) formation at Tiruvakkarai region possibly made the river Gingee not useful to reach the urban centers of central <st1:place st="on">South India</st1:place>.<span style=""> </span>Moreover, the Images from remote sensing shows that river Pambai was one of out let of river Pennar, and the river Gingee was its feeder.<span style=""> </span>After the contraction of the Sathanoor Dam and other natural factors led the river Pambai Vaikal into a dry bed and river Gingee seems a separate river i.e., isolated form river Pennar.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -31.7pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="line-height: 200%;font-family:Arial;font-size:10;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -31.7pt; line-height: 200%;"><b style=""><i style=""><span style="line-height: 200%;font-family:Arial;font-size:10;" >Arikamedu</span></i></b><b style=""><span style="line-height: 200%;font-family:Arial;font-size:10;" > finds from East<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -31.7pt; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 200%;"><span style="line-height: 200%;font-family:Arial;font-size:10;" >The relation between ancient Tamil country and the Southeast Asia are well known from the inscriptions like from Vo-Canh in <st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on">Vietnam</st1:place></st1:country-region>.<span style=""> </span>Prior to the 4 th century AD we have now a serial of Indian ceramic that found in the <st1:place st="on">Southeast Asia</st1:place>.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -31.7pt; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 200%;"><span style="line-height: 200%;font-family:Arial;font-size:10;" >Rouletted ware even reported form illicit digging around Kobak Kenal and Cibutak in the northwestern Jawa.<span style=""> </span>There are references to Rouletted ware from Beikthano in <st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on">Burma</st1:place></st1:country-region>.<span style=""> </span>An Indian Ivory comb was reported from central <st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on">Thailand</st1:place></st1:country-region>.<span style=""> </span>The sherd of <i style="">Arikamedu</i> type 18c was found in northern <st1:place st="on">Malaya</st1:place>.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -31.7pt; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 200%;"><span style="line-height: 200%;font-family:Arial;font-size:10;" >On the coastal plain of north the <st1:place st="on">Bali</st1:place> island the villages like Sembiran, Pacung and Julah Dr. I.W. Ardika found Rouletted sherds in his excavations between 1987 and 1989.<span style=""> </span>He reported that totally 79 Indian sherds were found in his three trenches (two from Sembrian and one from Pacung).<span style=""> </span>Out of 79, 72 are fine fabric Rouletted sherds from Sembiran, one course Roultetted from Pancung trench and six sherds of stamped bowl from Sembiran.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -31.7pt; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 200%;"><span style="line-height: 200%;font-family:Arial;font-size:10;" >The X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis has been performed on Rouletted sherd form Sembiran and Arikamedu which resulted that they are all have one geological source.<span style=""> </span>During my personal interview with him when he visited <i style="">Arikamedu</i> and my college he told that he did not find any roman material in his site.<span style=""> </span>He showed me the photos and slides of some non-local courseware which seems have the <i style="">Arikamedu</i> forms.<span style=""> </span>However, proper study is needed to conclude this.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -31.7pt; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 200%;"><span style="line-height: 200%;font-family:Arial;font-size:10;" >One Roman terra cotta lamp was reported from P’ ong Tuk in southern <st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on">Thailand</st1:place></st1:country-region>.<span style=""> </span>This is not a handful witness to conclude that the Romans had their trade relation directly with the <st1:place st="on">Southeast Asia</st1:place>.<span style=""> </span>It is therefore that <i style="">Arikamedu</i> and other Indian east cost harbor towns were imported the goods from east and exported to west.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -31.7pt; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 200%;"><span style="line-height: 200%;font-family:Arial;font-size:10;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <h6 style="margin-right: -31.7pt; line-height: 200%;"><st1:place st="on"><st1:placename st="on"><span style="font-family:Arial;">Red Sea</span></st1:placename><span style="font-family:Arial;"> <st1:placetype st="on">Ports</st1:placetype></span></st1:place><span style="font-family:Arial;"> and Indian Trade<o:p></o:p></span></h6> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -31.7pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="line-height: 200%;font-family:Arial;font-size:10;" ><span style=""> </span>In Hellenistic-Roman times there were several trade routes connecting the Mediterranean world with lands to the East.<span style=""> </span>The northern silk route led to <st1:country-region st="on">China</st1:country-region> and there were routes which connected Ptolemaic, Nabataean and Roman ports at the northern end of the <st1:place st="on">Red Sea</st1:place>.<span style=""> </span>Ptolemy II (282-246 BC) was the first Hellenistic ruler of <st1:country-region st="on">Egypt</st1:country-region> to promote the trade with <st1:place st="on">South Arabia</st1:place>.<span style=""> </span>He also seems to have encouraged the trade with <st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on">India</st1:place></st1:country-region>.<span style=""> </span>The primary motivation for the Ptolemaic foundation of these ports was military, not commercial.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -31.7pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="line-height: 200%;font-family:Arial;font-size:10;" ><span style=""> </span>By the time of the Roman annexation these ports were merely used for the commercial activities.<span style=""> </span>The trade was carried on for many centuries through the Red Sea Ports from where the goods were carried overland to the Mediterranean ports of the <st1:place st="on">Roman Empire</st1:place>.<span style=""> </span>Writers of second century BC and AD like Strabo, Pliny the Elder, the PME and Claudius Ptolemy referred to these ports.<span style=""> </span>In Egypt C. Ptolemy located six ports north to south: Clysma, Myos Hormos, Philoteras, Leukos Limen, Nechesia and Berenice.<span style=""> </span>The goods which were transported from <i style="">Arikamedu</i> and other centers arrived in these ports and were then shipped to other Nile destinations and from there to <st1:city st="on"><st1:place st="on">Alexandria</st1:place></st1:city> for further transshipment to other Mediterranean ports.<span style=""> </span>Exports from Roman ports via <st1:country-region st="on">Egypt</st1:country-region> to other Red Sea and <st1:place st="on">Indian Ocean</st1:place> destinations took the same route in reverse.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin-right: -31.7pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="line-height: 200%;font-family:Arial;font-size:10;" ><span style=""> </span>Three major overland routes connected the Red Sea ports with the emporia along the <st1:place st="on">Nile</st1:place> including Apollonopolis (Edfu), Coptos (Qift), and Kainopolis.<span style=""> </span>The northern overland route started from Abu Sha ‘ar (was identified with Myos Hormos) the central route from Leukos Limen and the southern route from Berenice.<span style=""> </span>Berenice, the largest and southern most Egyptian emporium, required less effort to reach the <st1:place st="on">Nile</st1:place> which is approximately only 260 km., away.<span style=""> </span>The northern route from Abu Sha’ ar (Myos Hormos) included traffic from quarries at Mons Porphyrites and Mons Cloudians, about 190 km., away from the <st1:place st="on">Nile</st1:place>.<span style=""> </span>The shortest overland route was the central one from Leukos Limen approximately 175 km., away.<span style=""> </span>It passed through Fawakhir.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -31.7pt; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 200%;"><span style="line-height: 200%;font-family:Arial;font-size:10;" >Strabo speaks of 120 ships sailing for <st1:country-region st="on">India</st1:country-region> from Myos Hormos on the <st1:place st="on">Red Sea</st1:place>.<span style=""> </span>The Myos Hormos site had been identified as a <st1:place st="on">Red Sea</st1:place> port by archaeologist earlier.<span style=""> </span>Archeological investigations from 1989 to 93 revealed that Myos Hormos was not merely a commercial port, but rather a late Roman/Byzantine ‘fort’ and therefore we named it as Abu Sha ‘ar.<span style=""> </span>The real Myos Hormos may have been probably some where else in the vicinity.<span style=""> </span>However, our investigations of this fort and its surroundings demonstrated that it was founded, used and apparently peacefully abandoned between the fourth and seventh century AD.<span style=""> </span>There is no evidence whatsoever of later Islamic occupation.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -31.7pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="line-height: 200%;font-family:Arial;font-size:10;" ><span style=""> </span>The second overland route started from Leukos Limen port which was, of all the Roman Red Sea ports in <st1:country-region st="on">Egypt</st1:country-region>, the closest to the <st1:place st="on">Nile</st1:place>.<span style=""> </span>There are eight fortified stations and 65 watch towers all along the route.<span style=""> </span>Many of these stations contain wells or cistern to supply water for the desert travelers, traders and their animals.<span style=""> </span>These stations were constructed purely for security and halting purposes, and were built almost exclusively stacked stones with mud bricks.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -31.7pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="line-height: 200%;font-family:Arial;font-size:10;" ><span style=""> </span>The Oriental Institute of the <st1:place st="on"><st1:placetype st="on">University</st1:placetype> of <st1:placename st="on">Chicago</st1:placename></st1:place> had excavated portions of Leukos Limen in 1978, 80 and 82.<span style=""> </span>Archaeological evidences both ceramic as well as numismatic, seem to indicate that this port must have been founded sometimes in the first century AD.<span style=""> </span>Several of the excavated spots of this port attested to the importance of its trade with the Tamil-speaking people.<span style=""> </span>Two fragments of pottery bearing Tamil Brahmi script were found in this digging.<span style=""> </span>In addition, one ostrakon bearing a Prakrit inscription in black ink now in <st1:place st="on"><st1:placename st="on">Cairo</st1:placename> <st1:placetype st="on">Museum</st1:placetype></st1:place> without any label, was recently identified.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -31.7pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="line-height: 200%;font-family:Arial;font-size:10;" ><span style=""> </span>The third southern overland route of the <st1:place st="on">Red Sea</st1:place> port started from Bernice.<span style=""> </span>Ptolemy (II) founded this port and named after his mother.<span style=""> </span>In fact, Strabo, Pliny the Elder and C.Ptolemy spoke about this port activity.<span style=""> </span>The archaeological excavations since 1993 in Bernice found a number of Indian ceramic equated with Arikamedu forms and fabric.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -31.7pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="line-height: 200%;font-family:Arial;font-size:10;" >Totally 16 rim sherds, both fine and course, are found in the past five seasons of excavations.<span style=""> </span>Fine ware like <i style="">Arikamedu</i> Rouletted ware, stamped bowls and the course ware like Wheeler types 38, 28-29, 24 and 25 are identified.<span style=""> </span>The Tamil-Brahmi graffito found on a Mediterranean amphora fragment of the mid-first century AD is also found in the excavations.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -31.7pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="line-height: 200%;font-family:Arial;font-size:10;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -31.7pt; line-height: 200%;"><b style=""><i style=""><span style="line-height: 200%;font-family:Arial;font-size:10;" >Arikamedu</span></i></b><b style=""><span style="line-height: 200%;font-family:Arial;font-size:10;" > finds from Red Sea Ports<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -31.7pt; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 200%;"><span style="line-height: 200%;font-family:Arial;font-size:10;" >In what way these Indian remains related with <i style="">Arikamedu</i> is question now.<span style=""> </span>Over the centuries, several of the ports traded directly, or indirectly, with the West, but which ones were active in the overseas trade with the West during the context period with which the Indian fine ware sherds are associated with Red Sea ports, the end of the first century BC to the mid of first century AD, is not known for certain.<span style=""> </span>There are a few of Mediterranean shipping amphora fragments at Alagankulam, Vasavasamudram and Kudikadu.<span style=""> </span>Vasavasanydaram fragment is datable to the first century AD.<span style=""> </span>Many number of amphora fragments and <i style="">sigillata</i> so far found in <i style="">Arikamedu</i> and dated back first century BC.<span style=""> </span>The excavated loci containing most of the Indian remains found in <st1:place st="on">Red Sea</st1:place> ports are dated to first century BC.<span style=""> </span>Therefore presently known data strongly suggest that some of Indian remains from <st1:place st="on">Red Sea</st1:place> ports were possibly made or brought by the sailors or the merchants departing from <i style="">Arikamedu</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: -31.7pt; text-indent: 0.5in; line-height: 200%;"><span style="line-height: 200%;font-family:Arial;font-size:10;" ><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <div><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--></div>P.Ravichandirane is presently lecturing in History in Karaikal College, Pondicherry worked with Prof. Vimala Bagley's excavation team and travelled widely across the world. He has worked with major archeologists such as Harris and Steven Sidebotham<br /></div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com187tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-13042537.post-1123135129589455112005-08-04T14:58:00.000+09:002005-08-04T14:58:49.596+09:00Books and Journals on Arikamedu<p><b>BOOKS ON ARIKAMEDU</b><br />Archaeology from the Earth<br />Book by Mortimer Wheeler; Clarendon Press, 1954<br />Subjects: Archaeology--Methodology<br />...48 V. VI. B. Discipline: excavation at Arikamedu, South India, 1945 64 VII. V. Layout...XVI. Rouletted ware of the first century A.D. from Arikamedu, South India facing p. 124 XVII. XVII...<br /><br />2.<br />Rome beyond the Imperial Frontiers<br />Book by Mortimer Wheeler; Philosophical Library, 1955<br />Subjects: Rome--Commerce<br />...171 19. Rouletted dish from Arikamedu, South India 177 20. Roman glass from Begram, Arikamedu, and Taxila 188 PLATES...Site of Indo-Roman trading-station at Arikamedu, near Pondicherry, South India...<br /><br />3.<br />Rome's Eastern Trade: International Commerce and Imperial Policy, 31 BC-AD 305<br />Book by Gary K. Young; Routledge, 2001<br />...merchant colony in India. At the site of Arikamedu, on the south-eastern coast of India...that the main period of contact between Arikamedu and the Mediterranean was from the first...explanation for the existence of the station at Arikamedu is that the western merchants there were...<br /><br />4.<br />Rome in the East: The Transformation of an Empire<br />Book by Warwick Ball; Routledge, 2000<br /><br />5.<br />Prehistory of the Indo-Malaysian Archipelago<br />Book by Peter Bellwood; University of Hawaii Press, 1997<br />Subjects: Indonesia--Antiquities, Malaysia--Antiquities, Prehistoric Peoples--Indonesia, Prehistoric Peoples--Malaysia<br />6.<br />The Concise Encyclopedia of Archaeology<br />Book by Leonard Cottrell; Hawthorn Books, 1960<br />Subjects: Archaeology--Dictionaries<br /><br />7.<br />Environmentalism and the Mass Media: The North--South Divide<br />Book by Hermann Kulke, Dietmar Rothermund; Routledge, 1997<br /><br />8.<br />Early India and Pakistan: To Ashoka<br />Book by Mortimer Wheele; Praeger, 1959<br />Subjects: India--History--To 324 B.C<br />...ascribed to the 2nd century B.C., the ware was absent. 3. Rouletted Ware. This ware was first recognized in 1945 at Arikamedu, near Pondicherry in South India, where it was found in association with Arretine ware imported from Italy in the early...<br /><br />9.<br />Asia in Western and World History: A Guide for Teaching<br />Book by Ainslie T. Embree, Carol Gluck; M. E. Sharpe, 1997<br /><br />10.<br />Amaravati: Buddhist Sculpture from the Great Stupa<br />Book by Douglas Barrett; British Museum Press, 1954<br />Subjects: Art, Buddhist, Sculpture--India--Amaravati<br />...the argument. 26 This is the accepted chronology at Arikamedu, though the lower limit is admittedly conjectural. It is not...1946. p. 109, considers the graffiti on potsherds found at Arikamedu which seem to belong to the 1st and 2nd centuries A.D., closely...<br /><br />11<br /><br />The Exact Sciences in Antiquity<br />Book by O. Neugebauer; Dover Publications, 1969<br />Subjects: Astronomy, Ancient, Mathematics, Ancient<br /><br />12.<br />The Wonder That Was India: A Survey of the Culture of the Indian Sub-Continent before the Coming of the Muslims<br />Book by A. L. Basham; Grove Press, 1954<br />Subjects: India--Civilization, India--History--324 B.C.-1000 A.D, India--History--To 324 B.C<br /><br />13.<br />Ceramic Production and Distribution: An Integrated Approach<br />Book by George J. Bey III; Westview Press, 1992<br />Subjects: Archaeology--Methodology, Economics, Prehistoric, Indian Pottery, Pottery, Prehistoric<br /><br />14.<br />India and Pakistan: A General and Regional Geography<br />Book by O. H. K. Spate, B. H. Farmer; Methuen, 1954<br />Subjects: India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka<br /><br />15.<br />Prehistoric India to 1000 B.C<br />Book by Stuart Piggott; Penguin Books, 1950<br />Subjects: India--Antiquities, India--History--Early To 324 B.C<br />...pottery of the first century A.D. in a Roman trading-post at Arikamedu near Pondicherry. With dated types of native pottery now...Roman coins of the early first century A.D. and pottery of Arikamedu types, and continuing to the third century A.D. This...<br /><br />16.<br />Atlas of Classical History<br />Book by Richard J. A. Talbert; Routledge, 1985<br />Subjects: History, Ancient<br /><br />17.<br />The Art and Architecture of India: Buddhist, Hindu, Jain<br />Book by Benjamin Rowland; Penguin Books, 1953<br />Subjects: Architecture--India, Art, Indic<br /><br />18.<br />Uncovering the Past: A History of Archaeology<br />Book by William H. Stiebing Jr.; Prometheus Books, 1993<br />Subjects: Archaeology--History<br /><br />19.<br />From the Gracchi to Nero: A History of Rome from 133 B.C. to A.D. 68<br />Book by H. H. Scullard; University Paperbacks, 1963<br />Subjects: Rome--History<br /><br />20.<br />Uncovering the Past: A History of Archaeology<br />Book by William H. Stiebing Jr.; Oxford University Press, 1994<br />Subjects: Archaeology--History<br /><br /><br />The Exact Sciences in Antiquity<br />Book by O. Neugebauer; Dover Publications, 1969<br />Subjects: Astronomy, Ancient, Mathematics, Ancient<br /><br /><br />21.<br />The Indian Ocean<br />Book by Michael Pearson; Routledge, 2003<br /><br />22.<br />Early India and Pakistan: To Ashoka<br />Book by Mortimer Wheeler; Praeger Publishers, 1959<br />Subjects: India--History--To 324 B.C<br /><br />23.<br />The Idea of Prehistory<br />Book by Glyn Edmund Daniel; World Publication Company, 1963<br />Subjects: Archaeology--History<br /><br />24.<br />A History of the Roman People<br />Book by Fritz M. Heichelheim, Cedric A. Yeo; Prentice-Hall, 1962<br />Subjects: Rome--Civilization, Rome--History<br /><br />25.<br />The Civilization of Rome<br />Book by Donald R. Dudley; New American Library, 1960<br />Subjects: Rome--Civilization, Rome--History<br /><br />26.<br />Archaeology and Its Problems<br />Book by Sigfried J. de Laet, Ruth Daniel; Phoenix House, 1957<br />Subjects: Archaeology--Methodology<br /><b><br />PODUKE</b><br />.<br />Rome's Eastern Trade: International Commerce and Imperial Policy, 31 BC-AD 305<br />Book by Gary K. Young; Routledge, 2001<br /><br />2.<br />Rome in the East: The Transformation of an Empire<br />Book by Warwick Ball; Routledge, 2000<br /><br /><b><br />JOURNALS</b><br />1.<br />Indian Beads: A Cultural and Technological Study; Distinctive Beads in Ancient India; Amulets and Pendants in Ancient Maharashtra<br />Journal article by Jr. Peter Francis; Asian Perspectives: the Journal of Archaeology for Asia and the Pacific, Vol. 42, 2003<br />Subjects: Amulets and Pendants in Ancient Maharashtra (Book)--Reviews, Distinctive Beads in Ancient India (Book)--Reviews, Indian Beads: A Cultural and Technological Study (Book)--Reviews<br />...nothing to do with an Indian bead industry. Arikamedu did not have beads of, "deep cobalt blue...Bead Emporium: A Guide to the Beads from Arikamedu in the Pondicherry Museum. Museum Publications...Perspectives 29(1) : 1-23. 1991 Beadmaking in Arikamedu and beyond. World Archaeology 23(1...<br /><br />2.<br />Recasting the Foundations: New Approaches to Regional Understandings of South Asian Archaeology and the Problem of Culture History<br />Journal article by Peter G. Johansen; Asian Perspectives: the Journal of Archaeology for Asia and the Pacific, Vol. 42, 2003<br />Subjects: Archaeology--Technique, South Asia--History, South Asia--Research, South Asia--Social aspects<br />...protohistoric periods. His work at the sites of Arikamedu (Wheeler et al. 1946), Brahmagiri, and...the South Indian chronology began at Arikamedu, but reached its finished form with the...R.E.M., A. GHOSH, AND K. DEVA 1946 Arikamedu: An Indo-Roman trading-station on the...<br /><br />3.<br />The Medieval Tamil-Language Inscriptions in Southeast Asia and China<br />Journal article by Jan Wisseman Christie; Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, Vol. 29, 1998<br />Subjects: India--History, Inscriptions--Analysis, Southeast Asia--History, Tamils--Languages<br />...Geographical Notes", p. 25. 51 See, for example, the reports on the upper levels at Arikamedu, near Pondicherry: R.E.M. Wheeler, A. Ghosh and Krishna Deva, "Arikamedu: An Indo-Roman Trading Station on the East Coast of India", Ancient India 2 (1946...<br /><br />4.<br />Anuradhapura: The British-Sri Lankan Excavations at Anuradhapura Salgaha Watta 2, Vol. 1: The Site<br />Journal article by Shinu A. Abraham; Asian Perspectives: the Journal of Archaeology for Asia and the Pacific, Vol. 42, 2003<br />Subjects: Anuradhapura: The British-Sri Lankan Excavations at Anuradhapura Salgaha Watta 2, vol. 1, The Site (Book)--Reviews<br />...A.D. This period also provides clear evidence of Indian Ocean trade in the form of sherds of Arikamedu pottery type 10, first identified at Arikamedu and already found at three Sri Lankan sites, as well as in Southeast Asia. Other evidence of...<br /><br />5.<br />Chera, Chola, Pandya: Using Archaeological Evidence to Identify the Tamil Kingdoms of Early Historic South India<br />Journal article by Shinu A. Abraham; Asian Perspectives: the Journal of Archaeology for Asia and the Pacific, Vol. 42, 2003<br />Subjects: Archaeology--Research, Kerala, India--History, Kerala, India--Research, Kerala, India--Social aspects, Tamil Nadu, India--History, Tamil Nadu, India--Research, Tamil Nadu, India--Social aspects, Tamils--History, Tamils--Research<br />...Ancient Sea Trade: 157-196, ed. V. Begley and R. D. de Puma. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. 1996 Ancient Port of Arikamedu: New Excavations and Researches 1989-1992, vol. 1. Pondichery: Ecole Francaise dExtreme Orient. BOPEARACHCHI, O. 1997 Foreword...<br /><br />6.<br />Fragments of Glass Bangles from Krek 52/62 and Their Implications for the Dating of the Mimotien Culture<br />Journal article by Miriam Noel Haidle; Asian Perspectives: the Journal of Archaeology for Asia and the Pacific, Vol. 40, 2001<br />Subjects: Art, Prehistoric, Cambodia--Research, Glass--History, Oriental antiquities--Research, Vietnam--Research<br />...value for lime lies below 4.5-5 percent (Brill 1987:4). Glover and Henderson (1995:153-154) state that most of the glass from Arikamedu contain even more aluminum and less calcium than Brills typical Indian glass. In comparison, Roman glass shows lower alumina...<br /><br />7.<br />The Martaban Trade: An Examination of the Literature from the Seventh Century until the Eighteenth Century<br />Journal article by Pamela Gutman; Asian Perspectives: the Journal of Archaeology for Asia and the Pacific, Vol. 40, 2001<br />Subjects: Myanmar--Antiquities, Pottery--Myanmar<br />...and seventh centuries A.D., are well known. Burmese archaeologists usually, and probably correctly, trace the technique to Arikamedu in East India (Aung Thaw 1968). Twante remained an important center for pottery throughout the period. Luce (1969-70, 1:20...<br /><br />8.<br />Context, Content, and Composition: Questions of Intended Meaning and the Asokan Edicts<br />Journal article by Namita Sugandhi; Asian Perspectives: the Journal of Archaeology for Asia and the Pacific, Vol. 42, 2003<br />Subjects: Asoka, King of Magadha--Research, Deccan (India)--History, Deccan (India)--Research, Inscriptions--Research<br />...which attempted to determine a chronology of South Indian prehistory and early history. Based on excavations at the sites of Arikamedu and Brahmagiri, Wheeler developed a three-tiered, overlapping cultural sequence, beginning with the "Stone Axe" culture, which...<br /><br />9.<br />Hunter-Gatherer Adaptations in Madurai Region, Tamil Nadu, India: From C. 10,000 B.P. to C. A.D. 500<br />Journal article by V. Selvakumar; Asian Perspectives: the Journal of Archaeology for Asia and the Pacific, Vol. 41, 2002<br />Subjects: Hunting and gathering societies--Research, South India--History, South India--Social aspects<br />...Desert, India. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Paleoecology 46:345-372. WHEELER, R.E.M., A. GHOSH, AND KRISHNA DEVA 1946 Arikamedu: An Indo-Roman trading-station on the east coast of India. Ancient India 2:17-124. WILEY, G. R. 1953 Prehistoric Settlement...<br /><br />10.<br />Pyrrhonism and Mādhyamika<br />Journal article by Thomas McEvilley; Philosophy East & West, Vol. 32, 1982<br />Subjects: Skeptics (Greek Philosophy)<br />...Graeco-Roman trading centers of the Southeast. These settlements were in some cases permanent towns, colonies really, like Arikamedu near Pondicherry, built or rebuilt in the Roman fashion and equipped, in one case at least (Muziris), with an official templum...<br /><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="http://www.arikamedu.com">HOME</a></span></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-13042537.post-1123135053043722282005-08-04T14:56:00.000+09:002005-08-04T14:57:33.050+09:00Wheelers report on Arikamedu<div class="Section1"> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align: center;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Sir Mortimer Wheeler’s report on Arikamedu<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align: center;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Summary & Relevance</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align: center;"> <img border="0" src="file:///D:/arikamedu1/images/wheeler-1.jpg" width="197" height="217" /></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">Archeological Survey of India conducted a short but intensive excavation the burning months April, May and June 1945.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">Arikamedu represents the site of a considerable buried town on the Coramandel coast. Two sectors , Northern and Southern<span style=""> </span>excavated in 1945 and partially uncovered by previous excavators were found to have been extensively despoiled<span style=""> </span>for bricks in the middle ages and later. The Northern sector contained the remains of a substantial structure upwards of 150 feet long, built about 50 AD, on the former foreshore above vaguer vestiges of earlier occupation extending perhaps over half a century. The building from its site and character identified as a warehouse, must from the outset have been liable to flooding, and was abandoned at an early date. The southern sector on the other hand comprised a site which stood some ten feet above flood level, and was occupied for a hundred years or more from the middle of the first century AD onwards. </p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">Its principal structures consisted of two walled courtyards associated with carefully built tanks supplied and drained by a series of culverts.<span style=""> </span>It is conjectured that these tanks and courtyards were used in the preparation of the Muslin cloth which has from ancient times been a notable product of this part of <st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on">India</st1:place></st1:country-region> and is recorded by classical writers as Indian export. . </p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">Amongst the other industries of the town was that of bead making. Gold, semi precious stones, and glass were used for this purpose, and two gems carved with intaglio designs by Greco Roman gem cutters and in one instance <span class="GramE">untrimmed ,</span> suggests the presence of<span style=""> </span>Western craftsmen on the site.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">Numerous sherds of both of a red-glazed pottery known to have been made in Italy in the first centuries of BC- AD, and of the two handled jars or Amphorae characteristic of the Mediterranean wine-trade of the period, together with Roman lamps and glass <span class="GramE">ware ,</span> combine to indicate that<span style=""> </span>Arikamedu was one of the regular “Yavanas” or Western trading stations of which both Greco-Roman and ancient Tamil writers speak. </p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">As the first of these stations actually identified by excavations in <st1:place st="on"><st1:country-region st="on"><span class="GramE">India</span></st1:country-region></st1:place><span class="GramE"> ,</span> Arikamedu will hold henceforth a distinguished position in the history of the economic relations with the outside world. </p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">A Roman market on the Coramandel coast implies <span class="GramE">a knowledge</span> of the south western monsoon, which the historians may now suppose to have been in regular use at an earlier date than was previously conjectured. The epigraphists and <span class="SpellE">paleographic</span> will find amongst the graffiti some of the earliest dated fragments of the Tamil <span class="GramE">language .</span> To the <span class="GramE">geographer ,</span> the very considerable rise in water-level shown to have occurred hereabouts within the last two thousand years , though due at least in part to local causes, is perhaps of incidental note.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">The most significant result of the excavation is that by <span class="SpellE">establishing</span> at last a précised chronological position of an extensive south Indian <span class="GramE">culture ,</span> the archeologist has provided a new starting point for the study of the pre medieval civilizations of the Indian peninsula .<span style=""> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">Chapter 1 </p> <p class="MsoNormal">The Site and Its Historical Background</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">The classical geographers and Sangam literature have familiarized the historians with the outlines of an ancient trade existed between <st1:place st="on"><st1:country-region st="on">India</st1:country-region></st1:place> and West during and after first century <span class="GramE">AD .</span> At its prime <span class="GramE">time ;</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">The Indian exports were </p> <p class="MsoNormal">1. Pepper</p> <p class="MsoNormal">2. <span class="GramE">pearls</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal">3. gem-stones</p> <p class="MsoNormal">4. <span class="GramE">muslin</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal">5. <span class="GramE">tortoise</span> shell</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE">6.ivory</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal">7. <span class="GramE">silk</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">And Imports to <st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on">India</st1:place></st1:country-region> were</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <ol style="margin-top: 0in;" start="1" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="">Coral</li><li class="MsoNormal" style="">Lead</li><li class="MsoNormal" style="">copper</li><li class="MsoNormal" style="">tin</li><li class="MsoNormal" style="">glass</li><li class="MsoNormal" style="">vases</li><li class="MsoNormal" style="">lamps</li><li class="MsoNormal" style="">wine</li><li class="MsoNormal" style="">coined<span style=""> </span>money</li></ol> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in;">This trade was NOT organized on lines like those of the European ‘factories’ established in India from 16<sup>th</sup> century .The Periplus of the<span style=""> </span>Erythraean<span style=""> </span>Sea ( AD 60-100) and Ptolemy ( AD150-) fairly described as treaty-ports. </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in;">Under these treaties “permanent lodges of Western traders were settled in Indian ports under formal agreement with the appropriate Indian ruler and were visited at the proper seasons by convoys of deep- sea merchantmen. </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in;">The literary sources on Roma Indian trade acknowledges the fact that the ships sailed from <span class="SpellE">Myos</span> Homos, on of the most important <span class="SpellE"> harbor</span> ports in the Red Sea during the Roman rule of Egypt to Indian port cities for trade. </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in;"><o:p> </o:p><b><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><a style="color: rgb(0, 51, 102); text-decoration: underline;" href="http://www.arikamedu.com">HOME</a></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> </div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-13042537.post-1123134955277116382005-08-04T14:55:00.000+09:002005-08-04T14:55:55.293+09:00PERIPLUS ERYTHREAN SEA<div class="Section1"> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center"><b>ANCIENT NAVAL TECHNOLOGY AND THE ROUTE TO <st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on">INDIA</st1:place></st1:country-region> </b> </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center"><span style=""> </span>BY</p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center">LIONEL CASSON</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style="">Periplus a Handbook for the sailors <o:p></o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">Periplus Maris Erythrea is a <span class="GramE">handbook ,</span> in Greek, for the merchants and skippers of Roman Egypt who carried on trade with the various ports in those waters of <st1:place st="on"><st1:country-region st="on">India</st1:country-region></st1:place>.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">It is probably the work of the navigators from Greece or Roman Egypt, for it is written in unvarnished business man’s language and clearly based on first hand experience . There has been much scholarly wrangling over the <span class="GramE">date ,</span> but the surest clue points unmistakably to the middle decades of the first century.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"> <img border="0" src="file:///D:/arikamedu1/images/map_egypt_india.jpg" width="568" height="460" /></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><i><span style="font-size:85%;">Navigational Trade route between Roman Egypt and India during 1st century AD</span></i></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">At the time of the Periplus the ports that served as starting point for vessels leaving <st1:country-region st="on">Egypt</st1:country-region> for <st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on">India</st1:place></st1:country-region> were <span class="SpellE">Myos</span> <span class="SpellE">Hormus</span> and Bernice. Goods to be exported were shipped up the <st1:place st="on">Nile</st1:place> to <span class="SpellE">Coptos</span> and then brought by Camel or donkey across the desert to one of the ports. From either ports ships sailed straight down to Red sea to the Arabian port <span class="SpellE"><span class="GramE">Mouza</span></span><span class="GramE"> ,</span> just north of the <st1:placetype st="on">strait</st1:PlaceType> of <st1:placename st="on">Babel- <span class="SpellE">Mandeb</span></st1:PlaceName> or to the <st1:place st="on"><st1:placetype st="on">port</st1:PlaceType> of <st1:placename st="on"><span class="SpellE">Okelis</span></st1:PlaceName></st1:place> on the strait itself; they then followed the coast along the Southern Arabian shore as far as <span class="SpellE">Karie</span>. From there one branch took off for the parts of <st1:state st="on">north west</st1:State> <st1:country-region st="on"><span class="GramE">India</span></st1:country-region><span class="GramE"><span style=""> </span>and</span> another for those of south west <st1:place st="on"><st1:country-region st="on">India</st1:country-region></st1:place>. An alternate route to south <st1:country-region st="on">India</st1:country-region> probably used by skippers who worked on the northern coast of <st1:country-region st="on">Somalia</st1:country-region> took off from <st1:place st="on"> <st1:placetype st="on">Cape</st1:PlaceType> <st1:placename st="on"><span class="SpellE">Gauedafai</span></st1:PlaceName></st1:place>.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style="">Proper time for Sailing <o:p></o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">The proper time to leave <st1:country-region st="on">Egypt</st1:country-region> for <st1:place st="on"><st1:country-region st="on">India</st1:country-region></st1:place> according to the Periplus would in July. This would enable the navigators to</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=""> </span>1. Sail down the <st1:place st="on">Red Sea</st1:place> with the northern wind that prevails over that body water during the summer.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">2. Sail through the <span class="GramE">gulf</span> of Aden with the South west monsoon </p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">3. Sail with the same monsoon, as specifically counseled by <span class="GramE">Periplus ,a</span> cross the Arabian Sea or western <st1:country-region st="on">India</st1:country-region><span style=""> </span>ocean to <st1:place st="on"><st1:country-region st="on">India</st1:country-region></st1:place>. The return could be scheduled for anytime after the beginning of November, when the north East monsoon provides favorable winds right up to the entrance of the <st1:place st="on">Red Sea</st1:place>.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">Departure from <st1:country-region st="on">Egypt</st1:country-region> in July as recommended by the Periplus would bring a ship into the open waters of the Arabian Sea or western <st1:place st="on">Indian Ocean</st1:place> just when the south west monsoon was its <span class="GramE">height .</span> The wind velocity during this season averages 22-33 knots and frequently rises to the gale force <span class="GramE">( 34</span>-47 Knots).</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">As the Periplus wrote “crossing with these <span class="GramE">( south</span> west monsoon winds) is hard going<span style=""> </span>but absolutely favorable and shorter. The departure date together with swift crossing , resulted in the arrival off the Indian coast in September or early October when the tapering off of the south west monsoon , the coast is once again open to maritime activity.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">Such an arrival also leaves a comfortable time before the onset of the north east monsoon brings in contrary winds. By November that monsoon is well set in, so any skipper who had managed a quick turn around could shove off for home and thus be back in <st1:country-region st="on">Egypt</st1:country-region> in well under a year from the time he left <st1:place st="on"><st1:country-region st="on">Egypt</st1:country-region></st1:place>.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">The Arab sailors never preferred this time for he year for sailing to <st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on">India</st1:place></st1:country-region>. They avoided both <st1:state st="on"><st1:place st="on">North West</st1:place></st1:State> and south west monsoon for smoother and calmer periods.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style=""> </span>Arab ships were small<o:p></o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">The hulls of the ships used by Arabs were NOT strong enough nor their rig NOT fitted for the blustery blasts of the south west monsoon. These shortcomings prevented the Arabs from venturing out to the open sea during South west monsoon season, when the ships from Roman Egypt sailed to <st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on">India</st1:place></st1:country-region>.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style="">Roman Egyptian ships were strong<o:p></o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">The ships used for sailing to <st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on">India</st1:place></st1:country-region> by Roman Egyptians were of superior in quality and strength. The hulls were supremely strong, for they were built in the very special fashion that was the hallmark of the ancient ship wrights, one that resembles more cabinet work than carpentry.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style="">Ancient Shipwright of the West<o:p></o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">The traditional method in the west of putting together a wooden hull starts with the setting up of a skeleton – a spine of Keel , stem post and stern post and a cage of ribs 9 or frames) to which there is then fastened a skin of planks . <span class="GramE">the</span> ancients reversed the procedure.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">They first put together the <span class="GramE">skin ,</span> joining the planks edge to edge to build up as it were , a wooden shell; this itself is not an exceptional , for ship<span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span>builders in many parts of the world. Have followed this method and still do. </p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">What is exceptional about Ancients?</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">Is the way they joined the planks to each other; they locked them together not by casual joinery but by thousands of closely set mortise and tenon joints </p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">(Tenon: A projection on the end or side of a piece of wood or to other material made to fit into a corresponding cavity, especially a mortise.)</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">They then transfixed each joints with dowels to ensure its never coming apart. And lastly into the shell thus <span class="GramE">created ,</span> they inserted a complete set of frames , at times as strong as that in the ships of later ages made with a <span class="SpellE">precreated</span> skeleton. The result was a hull that was absolutely staunch and incredibly strong.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">They fitted these hulls with a conservative rig, one designed first and foremost for safety and NOT for speed, and equipped with the ancient Special systems for shortening sail, which was for safer and more effective than that favored in the western world until the present century .</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style="">Roman Egyptian Ships are Big in size<o:p></o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">Only big ships dared to use the south west monsoon over open waters. The vessels that piled between <st1:city st="on">Alexandria</st1:City> and <st1:city st="on"><st1:place st="on">Rome</st1:place></st1:City> carrying Egyptian grain could run up to 180 feet in length and over a thousand tones in burden.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">The Indian goods that attracted the Western traders were NOT bulky and cheap commodities but compact and costly commodities. <span class="GramE">Silk ,</span> fine cottons , pepper, <span class="SpellE">costus</span> , nard, spikenard, and similar items. A Roman merchant man of no more than moderate size when fully loaded with <span class="GramE">cargo<span style=""> </span>of</span> such goods represented a monumental investment.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">Such huge cargoes were jointly owned by a team of merchants each chartering a given amount of space in the hold, which means these <span class="GramE">merchants</span> had to have plenty of capital or command the credit to borrow plenty of it.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">A shipment from Alexandria involved somewhere between 700 to 1700 pounds of Nard , over 4700 ivory, and almost 790 of textiles . The total value was about 131 <span class="GramE">talents ,</span> a mighty sum , one that could have purchased almost 2400 acres of <st1:place st="on"><st1:country-region st="on">Egypt</st1:country-region></st1:place>’s best farmland. Yet this represents a merely one <span class="GramE">consignment ,</span> a meager portion of a cargo owned by a single merchant / partnership.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">The finds at Arikamedu and other sites make it absolutely certain that <span class="SpellE">Roman</span> Egyptians did trade with East coast of <st1:place st="on"><st1:country-region st="on">India</st1:country-region></st1:place> or Coramandel <span class="GramE">coast .</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal">It seems to have been Indian rather Western craft that handled the East coast’s trade that carried its goods to west coast ports and returned with goods from these ports including the imports fro Roman <span class="GramE">Egypt .</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">The archeological fins at Arikamedu point to the presence of a foreign colony <span class="GramE">( Wheeler</span>) , a group of Western merchants permanently lived in the Northern Sector( Vimala) If so, the objects of trade they dealt in , both import and exports were transported in the ships of their hosts than their country men .</p> <p class="MsoNormal">For Periplus in referring to the Eastern <span class="GramE">ports ,</span> “ these put into them vessels which sail out of both Limryke ( Malabar coast) and the North ( Ganga delta or perhaps <st1:place st="on"><st1:country-region st="on">Burma</st1:country-region></st1:place>) <span style=""> </span>;</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE">“ in</span> them are local ( east coast) craft that follow the coast as far as Limryke , as well as others , made out of very big dugout canoes held together by yoke<span style=""> </span>called SANGRA”</p> <p class="MsoNormal">This must have had an important effect on the nature of the their <span class="GramE">business ,</span> making it considerably different from that of the merchants at Muziris. <span class="GramE">Or elsewhere on the western coast.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal">They received shipments of western <span class="GramE">goods ,</span> en bloc once a year in September or October. Since the wind a pattern of the bay of Bengal was /is not rigid like <st1:place st="on">Malabar coast</st1:place> the merchants from eastern coast cold trade between the coasts through the year <span class="GramE">easily .</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p><b><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><a style="color: rgb(0, 51, 102); text-decoration: underline;" href="http://www.arikamedu.com">HOME</a></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=""> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> </div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-13042537.post-1123134852574949722005-08-04T14:52:00.000+09:002005-08-04T14:54:12.576+09:00ARIKAMEDU COLLECTIONS<p class="MsoNormal"><b>ARIKAMEDU COLLECTIONS</b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal">Artifacts from Arikamedu, whether found during excavations or collected from the surface are now dispersed among several Museums and individuals and institutions.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">The major collections are at</p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal">I. Museums and Institutions</p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <ol style="margin-top: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in;" start="1" type="1"> <li class="MsoNormal">Archeological Survey of India Museum at Pondicherry</li><li class="MsoNormal">Archeological Survey of India Museum at Purana Quila , New Delhi</li><li class="MsoNormal">Madras Museum , Chennai</li><li class="MsoNormal">Museum Hyderabad</li><li class="MsoNormal">Museum Bangalore</li><li class="MsoNormal">Museum Trichur</li><li class="MsoNormal">Sri Aurobindo Library , Pondicherry</li><li class="MsoNormal">Raja Raja Museum , Tanjore</li><li class="MsoNormal">Institute of Archeology , University College , London</li><li class="MsoNormal">Sir Mortimer Wheeler Museum London</li><li class="MsoNormal">Musee′ Guimet, Paris <a href="http://www.museeguimet.fr/gb/index.html" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline;"> http://www.museeguimet.fr/gb/index.html</a> <span style="font-size: 10pt;"> <a href="mailto:araa@guimet.fr" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline;"> <span style="font-size: 13.5pt;">araa@guimet.fr</span></a> </span>Contact: Geneviève Daridan, President<br /> E-mail: <a href="mailto:amisdeguimet@noos.fr" style="color: blue; text-decoration: underline;"> amisdeguimet@noos.fr</a></li> </ol> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in;"> </p> <ol style="margin-top: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in;" start="12" type="1"> <li class="MsoNormal">Arikamedu Museum Gallery, Arikamedu</li> </ol> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in;"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal">II. Individual Collections</p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <ol style="margin-top: 0in; margin-bottom: 0in;" start="1" type="1"> <li class="MsoNormal">Mr. Ashok Kumar , Ariyakuppam</li><li class="MsoNormal">Mr. J.Kangarayan</li><li class="MsoNormal">Mr. Ananda Vadana Kumar</li><li class="MsoNormal">Suresh Kumar Pillai</li> </ol>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-13042537.post-1123134622822238182005-08-04T14:49:00.000+09:002005-08-04T14:50:22.830+09:00CHRONOLOGY<p class="MsoNormal" align="center">CHRONOLOGY OF EVOLUTION BY VIMALA BAGLEY </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center"> THE ANCIENT PORT FO ARIKAMEDU Published by Ecole Francaise D' Extreme Orient , Paris </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center">Vol.2</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b>Phase1</b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b>300BC to 200 BC</b></p> <p class="MsoNormal">The earliest settlement at Arikamedu pre dates the beginning of any known overseas trade and it also pre dates the use of any roulette ware at the site . Remains of the occupation was first documented by Casal in southern sector . The settlement is identified primarily on the basis of pottery. Casal observed that the pottery found in the southern sector had similarities with the megalithic potteries found in other sites such as Suttukeni . Archeologists so far found no remains of any Megalithic burial sites in Arikamedu The only indications of any building activity in this phase were a few post-holes . Not much is known about this phase and it was considered a small settlement of fishermen. </p> <p class="MsoNormal">The important find associated with this phase was sherd of coarse ware with an inscription in early Tamil Brahmi script . According to various scholars this evidence belongs to post Ashoka period which could any time before second/first century BC.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype id="_x0000_t75" coordsize="21600,21600" spt="75" preferrelative="t" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" filled="f" stroked="f"> <v:stroke joinstyle="miter"> <v:formulas> <v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"> <v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"> <v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"> <v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"> <v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"> <v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"> <v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"> <v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"> </v:formulas> <v:path extrusionok="f" gradientshapeok="t" connecttype="rect"> <o:lock ext="edit" aspectratio="t"> </v:shapetype><v:shape id="_x0000_s1138" type="#_x0000_t75" style="'width:215.25pt;"> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\test\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image001.jpg" title="earliest tamil brahmi script"> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img border="0" width="287" height="225" src="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5Ctest%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtml1%5C01%5Cclip_image002.jpg" shapes="_x0000_s1138" /><!--[endif]--> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Arial;">Pic. Coarse ware with an inscription in early Tamil Brahmi script</span>.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b>Phase 2</b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b>200BC to 100 BC</b></p> <p class="MsoNormal">Phase 2 is intermediary phase or overlap period which is marked by the appearance of “roulette ware” in southern sector. During this period rouletted ware and megalithic wares were used concurrently . But Mediterranean wares or amphora were not associated with this phase . The first ring wells appeared during this period. also this phase is noticeable for the first use of bricks in the northern sector . From the available archeological data and findings , it is assumed that this period ranges any where between middle or end of second century BC to first century BC.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b>Phase 3</b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b>100Bc to 50 BC</b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b> </b></p> <p class="MsoNormal">Wheeler called this stage as pre Arretine ware and Casal called this period as post over-lap . This is a period of rapid development and in many ways the most significant stage in the history of Arikamedu. The first use of bricks probably dates back to this phase. Most important for the first time amphora and other items of undoubtedly Mediterranean origins are encountered during this phase. </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal">The dates for the beginning of this phase depend upon the dates of the earliest amphora found at the site. Though it is very difficult to predict the date on which the first amphora arrived at Arikamedu from the available evidences it is inferred that the first century BC is the period of Amphora. The end period of amphora is marked by the arrival of Sigallata.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal">In architecture two fragmentary brick walls, a floor and a ring well of Wheelers early phase belong to this period. The first appearance of clay roof tiles is also in this phase. </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b>Phase4</b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b>50 BC to 50 AD (Sigallata Period)</b></p> <p class="MsoNormal">What distinguishes phase 3 from phase4 is the presence of Sigallata or Arretine ware called by Wheeler. .This phase is the continuation of phase 3 except the presence of Sigallata. Since Sigallata is the most precisely dated among all the imports in Arikamedu this phase is the most securely dated .</p> <p class="MsoNormal">The Sigallata pieces found in Arikamedu are small in size and were produced in different Italian workshops and even the eastern Mediterranean. The study of the Sigallata pieces excavated in Arikamedu by scholars reveal that the earliest piece of Sigallata must have arrived here on the middle of first century BC. The Sigallata period is generally considered to be from middle of first century BC to middle of first century AD. This phase also marks the beginning of construction activities both in south and northern sectors . Harbors built with wood, ware houses, storage houses and several architectures came up during the period . Also evidences of bead manufacturing in southern sector appeared during this period. . </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b>Phase 5</b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b>50 AD- 200AD</b></p> <p class="MsoNormal">Post Sigallata Period</p> <p class="MsoNormal">The beginning of this phase is the middle of the first century AD and the end of this phase is second century. . Mediterranean amphora made its entry into Arikamedu during this period. Amphora related trade virtually came to an end. What caused the decline in this trade was the change in the pattern of trade and trade routes in the Mediterranean. But Arikamedu continue to prosper even after the end of this Mediterranean trade . The building activities in Arikamedu even increased after the collapse of the Roman trade .</p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal">From the available archeological evidences it appears that during phase 5 major changes were taking place at the site . Building activity in brick had increased considerably after phase 4 but some of the structures were destroyed and bricks were robbed even at the end of the phase 5. In pottery fine ware were not much demand except roulette wares. In general quality of pottery deteriorated and forms and fabrics show few changes or innovations. During this phase there is a change in the population group or its needs. If we consider this evidence with the virtual stoppage of Mediterranean imports including amphora it would seem that the change was related to the decline of the Mediterranean trade and perhaps the relocation of the traders to other locations </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b> </b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b>Phase 6</b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b>200 AD -600 AD</b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_s1139" type="#_x0000_t75" style="'position:absolute;margin-left:9pt;margin-top:22.5pt;"> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\test\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image003.jpg" title="olive oil jar"> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]-->Artifactual evidences slowly beginning to surface for continued settlement or resettlement past second century AD. The amphora fragments from a British Bay olive oil jar of the fifth century</p> <p class="MsoNormal">,</p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> part of a handle form a spatheion ( Small African amphora)</p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_s1140" type="#_x0000_t75" style="'width:85.5pt;height:112.5pt'"> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\test\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image005.jpg" title="african amphora handle"> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img border="0" width="114" height="150" src="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5Ctest%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtml1%5C01%5Cclip_image006.jpg" shapes="_x0000_s1140" /><!--[endif]--> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal">also of the fifth century and a small fragment from the handle of a late Roman Punic jar</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_s1141" type="#_x0000_t75" style="'width:137.25pt;height:141.75pt'"> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\test\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image007.jpg" title="roman puni jar"> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img border="0" width="183" height="189" src="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5Ctest%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtml1%5C01%5Cclip_image008.jpg" shapes="_x0000_s1141" /><!--[endif]--></p> <p class="MsoNormal"> datable between the third and sixth centuries are the most compelling evidences found so far in Arikamedu to prove the continuity of occupation of the site . </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b>Phase 7</b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b>600AD – 1100AD</b></p> <p class="MsoNormal">Coarse ware potteries and beads produced during this period are abundant from this period </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b>Phase 8</b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b>1100-1500 AD</b></p> <p class="MsoNormal">The artifacts especially pottery found from various trenches have been identified to belong to this period. The pottery and beads never discontinued its production in Arikamedu . artifacts which could be medieval are coins , Chinese and Islamic ceramic, coarse ware pottery, beads and wastes, few terracotta and few fragments of roof tiles, in addition some architectural features also attributed to this period. In local pottery several vessel forms can be identified such as spouts of water jars, cooking vessels, lids . </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b>Phase 9</b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b>1500 -1700 AD</b></p> <p class="MsoNormal">So far no identifiable evidence has been obtained for this period . the site could have been abandoned </p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b>1700AD-</b></p> <p class="MsoNormal">Towards the end of the 18<sup>th</sup> century the site was briefly occupied . In 1771-3 a seminary and residence was built for the Jesuit missionaries who have been driven out from Siam. The seminary was abandoned din 1783 The ruins of the seminary still survives and is known as Mission House , which today is the only visible structure in the Arikamedu archeological site .</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="http://www.arikamedu.com">HOME</a></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-13042537.post-1123134275237703182005-08-04T14:43:00.000+09:002005-08-04T14:44:35.246+09:00MAJOR EXCAVATIONS IN ARIKAMEDU<div class="Section1"> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style="">MAJOR ARCHEOLOGICAL EXCAVATIONS IN ARIKAMEDU<o:p></o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">1768-71</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span class="SpellE">Guilaume</span> Le Gentil</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">The earliest reference to the ruins of Arikamedu is found in the travel records of a French astronomer <span class="SpellE">Guilaume</span> Le <span class="GramE">Gentil ,</span> who visited Pondicherry in 1768-71 and records that along the high bank of<span style=""> </span>Ariyakuppam river, digging had revealed some foot high walls built with large size bricks , which were one foot long and seven to eight “thumbs” large and were put together by mortar . He also <span class="GramE">mentioned <span style=""> </span>seeing</span> vestiges of wells exposed along the high river bank , which according to him were originally at least 20 feet deep and four feet wide made from a series of earthenware vessels placed above each other.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">1937</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span class="SpellE">Jouveau</span>- <span class="SpellE">Dubreuil</span> </p> <p class="MsoNormal">The historical importance of the site and its connection with the <st1:place st="on">Roman empire</st1:place> were first recognized by <span class="SpellE">Jouveau</span>- <span class="SpellE"><span class="GramE">Dubreuil</span></span><span class="GramE"> ,</span> who had started collecting finds from the surface of the mound and the river bank as early as 1937. <span class="SpellE">Jouveau</span>- <span class="SpellE"><span class="GramE">Dubreuil</span></span><span class="GramE"><span style=""> </span>identified</span> the site with the Poduke emporium mentioned in the Periplus Maris Erythraei ( PME). The name Poduke meaning new village <span class="GramE">( <span class="SpellE">Pudusseri</span></span>) must have been in use at the time of Periplus . </p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">1940</p> <p class="MsoNormal">Krishnaswamy Gowdar</p> <p class="MsoNormal">Krishnaswamy Gowdar <span class="GramE">( <span class="SpellE">Kichanassamy</span></span> <span class="SpellE">Cavoudar</span>) owner of a plot of land along the northern river front , dug an area of 60x 30 meter to a depth of 0.80 m for the purpose of </p> <p class="MsoNormal">Planting coconut <span class="GramE">trees .</span> From the <span class="GramE">debris ,</span> several artifacts were collected including fragments of Mediterranean shipping amphora, which were brought to the attention of <span class="SpellE">Jouveau</span>- <span class="SpellE">Dubreuil</span>. </p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">1940-1941</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">A. <span class="SpellE"><span class="GramE">Ayyappan</span></span><span class="GramE"> ,</span> <st1:placename st="on">Government</st1:PlaceName> <st1:placetype st="on">Museum</st1:PlaceType>, <st1:place st="on"><st1:city st="on">Madras</st1:City></st1:place> was invited to undertake archeological investigations at this site , a brief <span class="SpellE">reprt</span> of which was published by him in an article “ A <span class="SpellE">Dakshina</span> <span class="SpellE">Taxila</span> , historic Ruins from Arikamedu ( The Hindu March 23 1941).</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">1941-1944</p> <p class="MsoNormal">Small excavations undertaken by French scholars under the direction of <span class="SpellE">L.Faucheux</span> and <span class="SpellE">K.Sarleau</span> <span class="GramE">( Les</span> <span class="SpellE">Recherches</span> <span class="SpellE">Archeologigues</span> 1942: 180-188 , 1943 : 77-97).</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">1946</p> <p class="MsoNormal">French Government declared Arikamedu as Archeological site</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">The colonial French government declared part of the site as Archeological monument. The reports on the findings by French archeologists were published in yearly administrative reports 1945-46.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">1945</p> <p class="MsoNormal">Sir Mortimer Wheeler</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">The most outstanding excavations were conducted by Sir Mortimer Wheeler, during a short season in summer 1945. He as the director of the Archeological survey of <st1:place st="on"><st1:country-region st="on">India</st1:country-region></st1:place> and had the advantage of extensive resources at hand to use.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">Wheeler’s excavations are the most publicized ones both in <st1:place st="on"><st1:country-region st="on">India</st1:country-region></st1:place> and west. “ROME BEYOND THE IMPERIAL FRONTIERS”, was the most significant and famous paper published by wheeler on Arikamedu.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">An important contribution of Wheeler’s work at Arikamedu was the preparation of a contour map of the site and the surrounding area, which was published with the excavation report.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">1947-50</p> <p class="MsoNormal">J.M.CASAL</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">J.M.CASAL excavated fairly extensive area more than any other archeologist. During his three ( 3) excavation seasons extremely reliable data were obtained , but selectively published by hum in his two publications on his work in the Pondicherry area ( Casal 1949, Casal 1956) Casal’s works went unnoticed largely by wheeler and Indian Archeologists .</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">1952- 1980</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;">-A brief article on the dating of the Terra <span class="SpellE">Sigillata</span> was published by <span class="SpellE">L.Ohlenroth</span> ( <span style=""> </span>1952)</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size-adjust: none;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Studies of the Brahmi and Tamil inscriptions and pottery <span class="SpellE">shreads</span> by <span class="SpellE">M.J.Filliozat</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size-adjust: none;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="SpellE">I.Mahadevan</span> ( 1973-1966)</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size-adjust: none;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->A brief article on glass rods by <span class="SpellE">B.B.Lal</span> ( 1958)</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size-adjust: none;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Archeological studies of Five bricks from the site by K. <span class="SpellE">Ramassamy</span> , <span class="SpellE">R.Balasubramaniam</span> and G. <span class="SpellE">Chandrashekhar</span> ( 1976-80)</p> <p class="MsoNormal">1980</p> <p class="MsoNormal">Peter Francis Jr. studies on beads </p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">1988</p> <p class="MsoNormal">John <span class="SpellE">Guwlnnet</span> & Leonard <span class="SpellE">Gorrelick</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">1986, 1987<span class="GramE">,1988</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span class="SpellE">E.Marianne</span> Sterns on Roman Glass</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">1983, 1986, 1988, 1989</p> <p class="MsoNormal">Vimala Bagley & Team<span style=""> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=""> </span></p> </div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-13042537.post-1123134149291744272005-08-04T14:39:00.000+09:002005-08-04T14:42:29.326+09:00ANCIENT PORT CITY OF ARIKAMEDU<div class="Section1" style="width: 656px; height: 4184px;"> <p> </p> <p> </p> <table class="MsoTableGrid" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="border: medium none ; border-collapse: collapse;" width="656"> <tbody><tr style="height: 22in;"> <td valign="top" style="border: 1pt solid white; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 515px; height: 22in;"> <div class="Section1"> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center"><st1:place st="on"><st1:placename st="on">ANCIENT</st1:PlaceName> <st1:placetype st="on">PORT</st1:PlaceType></st1:place> OF ARIKAMEDU</p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center">PODUKE NEW EXCAVATIONS & RESEARCH 1989-1992</p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center">Edited by Vimala Bagley</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">The Team</p> <ol style="margin-top: 0in;" start="1" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="">Vimala Bagley</li><li class="MsoNormal" style=""><span class="SpellE">Iravatham</span> <span class="SpellE">Mahadevan</span>, National Fellow , ICHR</li><li class="MsoNormal" style=""><span class="SpellE">K.V.Raman</span>, Prof. Head of Department ancient <span class="SpellE">History</span> & Archeology, <st1:place st="on"> <st1:placetype st="on">University</st1:PlaceType> of <st1:placename st="on">Madras</st1:PlaceName></st1:place></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="">Steve E <span class="SpellE">Sidebotham</span> , Asst. Prof. History , <st1:place st="on"><st1:placetype st="on">University</st1:PlaceType> of <st1:placename st="on"><span class="SpellE">Delawar</span></st1:PlaceName></st1:place></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="">Peter Francis Jr., Center for Bead Research</li><li class="MsoNormal" style="">Kathleen <span class="SpellE">Wamer</span> <span class="SpellE"><span class="GramE">Slene</span></span><span class="GramE"> ,</span> Prof. Chairman of de. Art History and Archeology, <st1:placetype st="on">University</st1:PlaceType> of <st1:placename st="on">Missouri</st1:PlaceName> , <st1:place st="on"><st1:city st="on">Columbia</st1:City></st1:place></li></ol> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">The Objective of the Excavation </p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">To understand the nature of commerce existed between south <st1:place st="on"><st1:country-region st="on">India</st1:country-region></st1:place> and Mediterranean basin during what is known as Indo-Roman period and to study an ancient port town, how it functioned and what sustained its economy.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">Observations </p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">1. The Ancient Settlement</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">Although overseas commerce may have began early in the first century B.C., <span class="GramE">( or</span> earlier still ) and continued through early first and second centuries its prime time was from the middle of the first century B.C to the middle of the first century A.D. During this period how and why Arikamedu became a center of commerce on the Coramandel coast are unexplained questions which should, nevertheless be pursued as the archeological evidences are examined.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">2. Location of the Settlement </p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">The location of the ancient port is something historians of ancient sea trade find it difficult to explain for two reasons 1. The port is quite North on the Coramandel coast to be convenience for direct overseas trade with the Mediterranean 2. Arikamedu is NOT known to have been connected with any inland metropolitan center to serve as an outlet for its overseas commerce.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">Since the Coramandel coast has virtually no natural harbors nearly all the ancient ports were located in the estuaries of the rivers or on water inlets, which provided shelter from the onslaught of the open sea during stormy weather and under ideal conditions could also berth small sea faring vessels and other boats.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">Arikamedu as the archeological evidences suggest was NOT a temporary sea faring facility in ancient times.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE">3.<span style=""> </span>Ariyankuppam river</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">Unlike today the drainage pattern of the Gingee river system was apparently somewhat different in ancient times. <st1:place st="on"> <st1:placename st="on">Today</st1:PlaceName> <st1:placename st="on">Ariyankuppam</st1:PlaceName> <st1:placetype st="on">River</st1:PlaceType></st1:place> is more like a brackish lagoon, the level of water in which varies according to the season. During the monsoon access to the sea is possible in catamarans and small boats but sand bars blocks the passage for any deep water navigation.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">But maps of 17<sup>th</sup> and 18<sup>th</sup> centuries and other records suggests that Ariyankuppam was navigable at its mouth <span class="GramE">( <span class="SpellE">Deloche</span></span> 1980) <span class="SpellE">N.For’s</span> map of 1750 indicates 12 brasses of water in the mouth of the river. A brass is equal to the length between outstretched arms </p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">4. Suttukeni Megalithic site and its connection with Arikamedu</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">Upstream on the Gingee River is Suttukeni or <span class="SpellE">Suttukeni</span> site, of the richest Megalithic burial site excavated in south <st1:place st="on"><st1:country-region st="on">India</st1:country-region></st1:place> so far (Casal 1956). Present dating suggests that the burial at Suttukeni was contemporary with the earliest settlements at Arikamedu. Whether there was any communication between Arikamedu and Suttukeni is difficult to determine since the only common denominator between the two is the so called “Megalithic Pottery”, which is also widely distributed in time and space that it cannot be considered as an indicator of <span class="GramE">direct<span style=""> </span>contact</span>. A fragmentary bronze vessel found at Suttukeni ( Casal 1956) and several pieces of jewelry amongst which decorated gold spaces,<span style=""> </span>tour holed- gold separator , stone head making especially pecking are the common connections between Arikamedu and Suttukeni.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">5. Layout of the Settlement</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">Wheeler’s excavation divided the archeological site in to Northern and Southern sectors. There is indeed undisputed evidence that Mediterranean products have arrived at Arikamedu in fairly substantial quantity but who brought them via which route and why to Arikamedu are as yet unresolved questions. The archeological evidences only indicate that into the Iron Age or Megalithic settlement of the Southern <span class="GramE">sector ,</span> brick architecture was introduced and new ceramic forms and fabrics including the so called “rouletted wares” were appeared and at some points Mediterranean products shipped in Amphora vessels also arrived .</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">No precise date or when this first occurred can be determined as yet.<span style=""> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">From the architecture as interpreted by Archeologists it appears that Northern sector is generally regarded as Port Area and the Southern Industrial and Residential.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p><!--[if !vml]--><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span><span style=""> <br /></span></p><u>THE SOUTHERN SECTOR <o:p></o:p></u> <p class="MsoNormal"><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></p> <p class="MsoNormal">In the Southern sector, the most distinctive and recurring structural form is a small brick lined enclosure identified by earlier excavators as either a tank or a pit or a <span class="GramE">sink ,</span> depending upon the details of its form. The enclosures vary in size may or may not have drainage and some are noticeably battered. The best preserved example of a tank is near the river front in the extreme south , Casal’s group I , area R.S measuring 3.50m x 1.10m<span style=""> </span>as the top interior tapering to 2.50 x 0.80 m at depth of 2.10m ( Casal 1949: 22) . The pit / sinks, on the other hand are square and smaller. 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rotate="t" type="tile"> </v:oval><v:oval id="_x0000_s1087" style="'position:absolute;left:6480;top:6490;" fillcolor="#ddd"> <v:fill src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\test\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image004.jpg" title="Granite" rotate="t" type="tile"> </v:oval><v:oval id="_x0000_s1088" style="'position:absolute;left:7020;top:6490;" fillcolor="#ddd"> <v:fill src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\test\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image004.jpg" title="Granite" rotate="t" type="tile"> </v:oval></v:group><v:group id="_x0000_s1089" style="'position:absolute;" coordorigin="3780,910" coordsize="3780,541"> <v:oval id="_x0000_s1090" style="'position:absolute;left:3780;top:910;width:540;" fillcolor="#ddd"> <v:fill src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\test\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image004.jpg" title="Granite" rotate="t" type="tile"> </v:oval><v:oval id="_x0000_s1091" style="'position:absolute;left:4320;top:910;" fillcolor="#ddd"> <v:fill src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\test\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image004.jpg" title="Granite" rotate="t" type="tile"> </v:oval><v:oval id="_x0000_s1092" style="'position:absolute;left:4860;top:910;" fillcolor="#ddd"> <v:fill src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\test\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image004.jpg" title="Granite" rotate="t" type="tile"> </v:oval><v:oval id="_x0000_s1093" style="'position:absolute;left:5400;top:910;" fillcolor="#ddd"> <v:fill src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\test\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image004.jpg" title="Granite" rotate="t" type="tile"> </v:oval><v:oval id="_x0000_s1094" style="'position:absolute;left:5940;top:910;" fillcolor="#ddd"> <v:fill src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\test\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image004.jpg" title="Granite" rotate="t" type="tile"> </v:oval><v:oval id="_x0000_s1095" style="'position:absolute;left:7020;top:910;" fillcolor="#ddd"> <v:fill src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\test\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image004.jpg" title="Granite" rotate="t" type="tile"> </v:oval></v:group><v:group id="_x0000_s1096" 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type="tile"> </v:oval><v:group id="_x0000_s1110" style="'position:absolute;left:5085;top:15318;" coordorigin="4320,6480" coordsize="3240,551"> <v:oval id="_x0000_s1111" style="'position:absolute;left:4320;top:6480;" fillcolor="#ddd"> <v:fill src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\test\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image004.jpg" title="Granite" rotate="t" type="tile"> </v:oval><v:oval id="_x0000_s1112" style="'position:absolute;left:4860;top:6490;" fillcolor="#ddd"> <v:fill src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\test\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image004.jpg" title="Granite" rotate="t" type="tile"> </v:oval><v:oval id="_x0000_s1113" style="'position:absolute;left:5400;top:6490;" fillcolor="#ddd"> <v:fill src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\test\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image004.jpg" title="Granite" rotate="t" type="tile"> </v:oval><v:oval id="_x0000_s1114" style="'position:absolute;left:5940;top:6490;" fillcolor="#ddd"> <v:fill src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\test\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image004.jpg" title="Granite" rotate="t" type="tile"> </v:oval><v:oval id="_x0000_s1115" style="'position:absolute;left:6480;top:6490;" fillcolor="#ddd"> <v:fill src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\test\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image004.jpg" title="Granite" rotate="t" type="tile"> </v:oval><v:oval id="_x0000_s1116" style="'position:absolute;left:7020;top:6490;" fillcolor="#ddd"> <v:fill src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\test\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image004.jpg" title="Granite" rotate="t" type="tile"> </v:oval></v:group><v:oval id="_x0000_s1117" style="'position:absolute;left:6585;" fillcolor="#ddd"> <v:fill src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\test\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image004.jpg" title="Granite" rotate="t" type="tile"> </v:oval><v:oval id="_x0000_s1118" style="'position:absolute;left:7035;top:15172;" fillcolor="#ddd"> <v:fill src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\test\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image004.jpg" title="Granite" rotate="t" type="tile"> </v:oval><v:oval id="_x0000_s1119" style="'position:absolute;left:7485;top:15172;" fillcolor="#ddd"> <v:fill src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\test\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image004.jpg" title="Granite" rotate="t" type="tile"> </v:oval><v:oval id="_x0000_s1120" style="'position:absolute;left:7935;top:15172;"> <v:oval id="_x0000_s1121" style="'position:absolute;left:7785;top:15318;" fillcolor="#ddd"> <v:fill src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\test\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image004.jpg" title="Granite" rotate="t" type="tile"> </v:oval><v:oval id="_x0000_s1122" style="'position:absolute;left:8085;top:14701;" fillcolor="#ddd"> <v:fill src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\test\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image004.jpg" title="Granite" rotate="t" type="tile"> </v:oval><v:group id="_x0000_s1123" style="'position:absolute;left:4485;top:15009;" coordorigin="4185,15009" coordsize="4350,772"> <v:oval id="_x0000_s1124" style="'position:absolute;left:8085;top:15164;" fillcolor="#ddd"> <v:fill src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\test\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image004.jpg" title="Granite" rotate="t" type="tile"> </v:oval><v:oval id="_x0000_s1125" style="'position:absolute;left:7785;top:15009;" fillcolor="#ddd"> <v:fill src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\test\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image004.jpg" title="Granite" rotate="t" type="tile"> </v:oval><v:oval id="_x0000_s1126" style="'position:absolute;left:4785;top:15009;" fillcolor="#ddd"> <v:fill src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\test\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image004.jpg" title="Granite" rotate="t" type="tile"> </v:oval><v:oval id="_x0000_s1127" style="'position:absolute;left:4485;top:15318;" fillcolor="#ddd"> <v:fill src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\test\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image004.jpg" title="Granite" rotate="t" type="tile"> </v:oval><v:oval id="_x0000_s1128" style="'position:absolute;left:4185;top:15018;" fillcolor="#ddd"> <v:fill src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\test\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image004.jpg" title="Granite" rotate="t" type="tile"> </v:oval><v:oval id="_x0000_s1129" style="'position:absolute;left:4635;top:15018;" fillcolor="#ddd"> <v:fill src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\test\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image004.jpg" title="Granite" rotate="t" type="tile"> </v:oval></v:group><v:rect id="_x0000_s1130" style="'position:absolute;left:5678;"> <v:shadow on="t" color="red" opacity=".5" offset="11pt,1pt" offset2="18pt,-2pt"> <o:extrusion ext="view" render="wireFrame"> </v:rect><v:rect id="_x0000_s1131" style="'position:absolute;left:6127;top:12222;" strokecolor="blue"> <v:shadow color="#fc9"> <o:extrusion ext="view" backdepth="1in" on="t" lightposition="-50000" lightposition2="50000"> </v:rect></v:group><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_s1132" type="#_x0000_t75" style="'width:243pt;height:324.75pt'"> <v:imagedata croptop="-65520f" cropbottom="65520f"> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--></p><b style="">Arikamedu was a textile production center<o:p></o:p></b> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">As for function the enclosures identified as tanks have usually been considered as part of “textile dyeing” complex, originally proposed by Wheeler. Textiles have been considered as a major item of export from Arikamedu.<span style=""> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">These tanks without paved floors or drainage outlets as identified by archeologists fro <st1:place st="on"><st1:placename st="on">Madras</st1:PlaceName> <st1:placetype st="on">University</st1:PlaceType></st1:place> (AV90- brick enclosures) which are similar in dimension and have no discoloration of the sand or soil. Such enclosures are found more in the Northern Sector. Functionally these tanks were “storage of industrial or agricultural products”<span style=""> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">The tanks in any event appear to have industrial function NOT domestic use.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><u>WALLS<o:p></o:p></u></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal">The most distinctive architectural feature in the industrial complex ( AKIV) in group II are the additional tanks and massive walls over 75m long traced in several trenches running diagonal to the river with its southern face finished for viewing ( Casal 1949: 24,28). Casal considered it to have been a “wall of a six meter wide water reservoir fitted with wells on the floor for the uninterrupted supply of water during the dry season”. Wheeler suggests that these walls may rather have been a defensive revetment.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">The industrial area seems to have continued to the North of the reservoir”.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">Along the northern wall of the reservoir remains of small scale, workshops working in <span class="GramE">metal ,</span> glass, semi precious stones , ivory and shell ( Casal 1949)</p> <p class="MsoNormal">Large chunks of raw glass sheets mica and other waste materials are exhibited in the <st1:place st="on"><st1:placename st="on">Pondicherry</st1:PlaceName> <st1:placetype st="on">Museum</st1:PlaceType></st1:place>.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">CONTINUITY OF CULTURE</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">The continued use of Megalithic pottery in Casal’s Group II suggests that the original population of Arikamedu was not displaced nor their culture obliterated with the commencement of overseas trade. If the “Graffito” on the Sigallata shred is indeed in Megalithic form of writing, it would further suggest cultural continuity through the first half of the first century AD</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">SIGILLATA SHREDS</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">In Trench ViB4 of group II remains of a shop or storage room with “in site” conical vessels on the floor were found<span class="GramE">.(</span> similar conical vessels were found in Wheeler’s AKI) . In Casal’s trench ViB4 a shred of Terra Sigallata with a signature was also recovered; which Howard Comfort (1991:141) dates to 30 AD. On the exterior of the shreds is a graffito in what appears to be Megalithic form of writing. The presence of Sigillata, rouletted ware and megalithic pottery suggest that the Arikamedu industrial town was active in the first century BC and first half of the first century AD.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">So far in south <st1:place st="on"><st1:country-region st="on">India</st1:country-region></st1:place>, terra Sigallata is found only in Arikamedu It is assumed that the users of Sigallata were westerners residing at Arikamedu who imported for their own personal use.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">But if this graffito is in Megalithic writing and is the sign of ownership it would appear that some Sigallata was either sold bartered or gifted to the local population who must have been affluent or important enough to own it.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">The users of Sigallata probably lived in the “warehouse area” of the Northern sector where the remaining shreds were recovered.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">(Sigallata: Impressed with seal. <span class="GramE">Pottery decorations with impressed marks.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal">Sigillation: impressions with seal or stamp</p> <p class="MsoNormal">Sigillaria:<span style=""> </span>Large tree like fossil lycopod, marked with rows of scars resembling the impressions of a seal)</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">RESIDENCE</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">The highly fragmentary section of the Terra Sigillata and morphology of numerous other pottery forms from the southern sector indicate that “some space in the Southern sector was for the residential purposes”. The possibility remains that “the residents were interspersed with the industrial and market places as is quite common in contemporary towns”.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">THE NORTHERN SECTOR</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">The northern sector has always been regarded or identified as the area where port facilities were located. Wheeler excavated walls of a brick structure, which could have been a “warehouse” (size 50m in length). According to Wheeler this structure date back from AD 25 or slightly later in the second quarter of the first century. It represented “Port Facilities” when most of the Sigillata and amphora were imported. The early port facilities were timber constructions since cut timber, rope and other objects were found by Wheeler.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">POTTERY</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">Although the so called Rouletted ware is present all along and so are other fine sherds , over 90% of Pottery belongs to a grayish brown coarse ware with white/ gray slip and a variety of forms from incurved dishes and bowels to large jars.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">The graying brown coarse ware of the Northern sector is very different from the so called Megalithic pottery of the southern sector in <span class="GramE">fabric ,</span> technology and morphology. The users of graying coarse ware pottery appear to be the earliest known settlers of the northern sector and associated with the settlement are the first Mediterranean imports brought either by them or to them by other traders.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">The pottery was extensively used in the northern sector and the adjacent space. The forms range from storage jars to cooking vessels with carbon residue on the exterior to fine ‘table ware” dishes and bowls. </p> <p class="MsoNormal">In the northern sector although mainly a port area some space were also used for living by merchants / sailors. The range in “Table wares” from <span class="GramE">coarse</span> to fine in addition to imports may suggest social/ economical stratification.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">The spatial distribution of Amphora shreds within the site indicates that a fairly large quantity comes from the northern part of the site. Many users of the products shipped in Arikamedu wine, Garum Sauce, or Olive oil must have been used.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">There was an industrial waste dumping ground for shells and semi precious stones were also found in the northern sector. This suggests that there were some small scale industries in the northern sector.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=""> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal">PAZZOLANA CEMENT </p> <p class="MsoNormal">Elizabeth Lyding Will’s study at Arikamedu excavated patches of water resistant Pazzolana cement which was used by Romans in the construction of under water installations. This indicates that Roman merchants had a role in the construction of Port facilities at Arikamedu.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">REMAINS OF THE MEDIEVAL PERIOD</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">There is considerable evidence to suggest that the site occupied during medieval Chola times ca 10 AD. Finds of Chola coins celadon pottery and other East Asian glazed ceramics suggest occupation of the site and some involvement in the medieval East West maritime <span class="GramE">trade .</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">Numerous medieval Chola coins have been recovered from the <span class="GramE">site .</span> Wicked lamps at many museums including Aurobindo Ashram Library indicate that Arikamedu was occupied by Chola and Pal lava rulers.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">MODERN PERIOD</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">In 1771-73 a missionary (<span class="GramE">monseigneur</span>) Pigneau de Behaine, designated Bishop of Adran built a seminary and residence on the eastern part of the mound for the Jesuit missionaries driven out of <st1:place st="on"><st1:country-region st="on">Siam</st1:country-region></st1:place>. The seminary abandoned in 1783. The ruin of the seminary is known as Mission House. What survive today are two pillars of the portal/entrance, a small brick structure to their west and a wall of the interior with six (6) arches.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">Le Gentil (1779) who visited the site before the construction of the seminary spoke about the ancient structures found in digging near the bank. The scenic beauty of the location and availability of the bricks could have been the reason for choosing the site to build the seminary.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">The remaining walls of the seminary clearly indicates the use of mixed styles of bricks and the road leading to the south appears to be paved , possibly with large size<span style=""> </span>bricks pilfered from ancient sites. The French reused the site for bricks as well as for constructing new building throughout their rule.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">CONCLUSIONS OF THE EXCAVATIONS BY VIMALA AND TEAM</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <ol style="margin-top: 0in;" start="1" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="">Earliest known settlement at the is in the southern sector dating perhaps from the 2<sup>nd</sup> century BC by people whose pottery relates to the Iron age ( megalithic) cultures of south India. The original settlers continued to live during the period of trade with west.</li><li class="MsoNormal" style="">Trade with the <st1:place st="on">Mediterranean</st1:place> seems to have been at its height between 50BC to 50 AD. The north and south sectors were occupied by two different ethnic groups. Interactions between the occupants of the two sectors are reflected in the pottery but the primary coarse ware used in the two sectors remained different.</li><li class="MsoNormal" style="">Both sectors were imported goods primarily from Mediterranean basin such as Amphora wines, Olive oil, ceramic <span class="GramE">lights ,</span> Sigillata sherds etc. Extensive usage was by people inhabited in the northern sector.</li><li class="MsoNormal" style="">Industrial wastes were found in both sectors. but shell wastes came form North</li><li class="MsoNormal" style="">The industry/ commerce associated with Tank/Pit structures was in the southern sector and was probably the market areas as well.</li><li class="MsoNormal" style="">No pottery –tile making areas were <span class="GramE">identified .</span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="">Living quarters were found in the northern sector near the port.</li><li class="MsoNormal" style="">There is ample evidence for a settlement and overseas commerce with the East in medieval Chola and later times.</li><li class="MsoNormal" style="">The site was once again settled in 18<sup>th</sup> century .A<span style=""> </span>Mission House was built for Jesuits </li></ol> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p><b><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><a style="color: rgb(0, 51, 102); text-decoration: underline;" href="http://www.arikamedu.com">HOME</a></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=""> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=""> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> </div> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> </div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com7tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-13042537.post-1123133865470296892005-08-04T14:36:00.000+09:002005-08-04T14:37:45.490+09:00ARIKAMEDU IS AN INDIAN CITY<div class="Section1" style="width: 656px; height: 4184px;"> <table class="MsoTableGrid" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="border: medium none ; border-collapse: collapse;" width="656"> <tbody><tr style="height: 22in;"> <td valign="top" style="border: 1pt solid white; padding: 0in 5.4pt; width: 515px; height: 22in;"> <div class="Section1"> <div class="Section1"> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:130%;"><b> </b></span><b>ARIKAMEDU IS A NATIVE’S CREATION NOT WESTERN CREATION</b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center">Extracts from Rome and India </p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center">Edited by Prof. Vimala Bagley and Richard D.Puma</p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center">Published by University of Wisconsin, USA.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"> </p> <p class="MsoNormal">The author of Periplus mentions “Poduke” on the Coramandel coast which is believed to be Arikamedu as one of the <st1:city st="on">Emporia</st1:City> on the Eastern coast of <st1:place st="on"><st1:country-region st="on">India</st1:country-region></st1:place>.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">IMPORTS TO ARIKAMEDU</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <ol style="margin-top: 0in;" start="1" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="">Amphora Jars</li><li class="MsoNormal" style="">Cups and Plates of Terra Sigallata</li><li class="MsoNormal" style="">Ceramic Lamps</li><li class="MsoNormal" style="">Unguentaria ( Vessel for holding perfumed oil or unguen)</li><li class="MsoNormal" style="">Blue glazed Faience ( Tin glazed or decorated earthen ware or pottery originally made in <st1:city st="on">Faenza</st1:City> in <st1:place st="on"><st1:country-region st="on">Italy</st1:country-region></st1:place>)</li><li class="MsoNormal" style="">Glass Bowls</li><li class="MsoNormal" style="">Gems</li><li class="MsoNormal" style="">The most common imported items was amphora Jars</li></ol> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in;">Ms. Will identified following pieces of imports from <st1:place st="on">Mediterranean</st1:place></p> <ol style="margin-top: 0in;" start="1" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="">Pieces of containers for wine from <span class="SpellE">Kos</span>, <span class="SpellE">Knidos</span> and <st1:place st="on">Rhodes</st1:place> ( 1 BC to 1 AD)</li><li class="MsoNormal" style="">Spanish Jars for Garum Sauce and Olive oil.</li><li class="MsoNormal" style=""><span style=""> </span>Olive jars from <st1:placename st="on">Istrian</st1:PlaceName> <st1:placetype st="on">Peninsula</st1:PlaceType> in the <st1:place st="on">Northern Adriatic sea</st1:place></li></ol> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in;">An important result of Comfort’s study of the stamps on Terra Sigillata is that the “Italian Sigallata at Arikamedu is NOT necessarily a product of <st1:place st="on"> <st1:city st="on"><span class="GramE">Arezzo</span></st1:City></st1:place><span class="GramE"> ,</span> but was manufactured in different workshops.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in;">The Sigillata at Arikamedu is thus NOT a homogenous group which could have been shipped from one single source of <span class="GramE">manufacture .</span> <span class="GramE">the</span> shipping must have been the outcome of some process of selection in <st1:place st="on">Mediterranean</st1:place> . </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in;"><span style=""> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in;">WHO WERE THE CUSTOMERS?</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in;">“If the graffito on the piece from the Musee <span class="SpellE">Guimet</span> <span class="GramE">( Paris</span>) is in an Iron age form of making an is a sign of ownership , some users of Sigillata at Arikamedu may have been from Tamil society”</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in;">The Periplus mentions that wine was exported to Indian market <span class="GramE">( DME</span> 49.56)</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in;"><span style=""> </span>Reference on Yavanas or Westerners in Tamil literature ( Puram 50 Volume 16:21 from Zvelebil:402) “ having increased the joy by giving to the girls of shining bangles , who every day have taken in hands vessels beautified by gold to drink the cool fragrant wine brought by Yavanas in beautiful bowls”</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in;">EXPORTS FROM ARIKAMEDU</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <ol style="margin-top: 0in;" start="1" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="">Textiles </li><li class="MsoNormal" style="">Beads of semi precious stones, glass, plant<span style=""> </span>and Gems</li><li class="MsoNormal" style="">Bangles from shell </li></ol> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in;">IDENTITY OF TRADERS & </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in;">REGULATIONS OF TRADE AT ARIKAMEDU</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in;">The overseas trade was initiated and controlled by Roman subjects. <span class="SpellE">Greco</span>- Roman involvement in the trade is almost certain from the <span class="GramE">findings .</span> <span class="GramE">Furthermore</span>, pottery suggests that some westerners may have resided at Arikamedu on a long terms basis.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in;">From the finds it is difficult to gauge what was the strength of the western population might have been at any <span class="GramE">time ;</span> or what role westerners had in the trade.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in;">From the Pazzolana cement it can be inferred that Roman subjects had a role in the building of Port city. But it is apparent that the architecture of Arikamedu is not Greco Roman.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in;">The imported pottery, including Amphora forms a mere fraction of one percent of the pottery at the site and even pottery which seem to evolve from western prototypes is limited amount.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in;">The imports and derivatives from imports reflects the <span class="GramE">presence ,</span> perhaps needs of westerners but not<span style=""> </span>a larger scale.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in;">THE WESTERNERS IN ARIKAMEDU WERE MIDDLE MEN?</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in;">On the basis of Periplus, Lionel Casson in several of his recent publications proposed that western ships did <span class="GramE">not ,</span> at least on a regular basis, sail to the East Coast of India. The merchants and <st1:city st="on">Rome</st1:City> and <st1:place st="on"><st1:country-region st="on">Egypt</st1:country-region></st1:place> bought eastern products from Malabar. The forwarding of merchandise between the two coasts were in local vessels (Casson 1989.16 n 24:25<span class="GramE">) .</span> In order to reconcile the evidence of Western residents in Arikamedu and Kaveripattinam with that of Periplus Casson suggests that westerners residing on the east coast were chiefly middle men engaged in forwarding goods to their associate on the Malabar coast and not all the way to Egypt .</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in;"><i style="">Question</i>: If the western merchant could procure goods from Malabar ports why would they reside at Eastern Coast Arikamedu which is quite far? </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in;">TRADE WITH THE EASTERN COUNTRIES <span class="GramE">( <st1:place st="on">SOUTH EAST ASIA</st1:place>)</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in;">The eastern coastal trade networks suggest that Coramandel <span class="GramE">sailors<span style=""> </span>were</span> navigating in the waters of the bay of Bengal through <span class="SpellE">Palk</span> straits and around the <st1:place st="on"><st1:placename st="on">Adams</st1:PlaceName> <st1:placetype st="on">Bridge</st1:PlaceType></st1:place>. They were quite likely sailing to the <st1:place st="on">Malabar <span class="GramE">coast</span></st1:place> as well. <span class="GramE">Archeological evidences strongly suggests</span> that the sailors from Coramandel coast ventured out to sail in the open sea. The excavations and the studies in Bali <span class="GramE">( <st1:place st="on"><st1:country-region st="on">Indonesia</st1:country-region></st1:place>) strongly indicate the uniformity in material design and pattern of pottery between the two regions.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in;">ARIKAMEDU IS A NATIVE’S CREATION NOT WESTERN CREATION</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in;">All the evidences strongly suggest that the incentive for the growth of Arikamedu as a major port of the Coramandel coast in the ancient period may have <span class="GramE">come ,</span> in past , at least , from within the Tamil community.</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in;"><span style=""> <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="http://www.arikamedu.com">HOME</a></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in;"><span style=""> </span></p> </div> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=""> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style=""> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> </div> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> </div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-13042537.post-1123133740482390512005-08-04T14:32:00.000+09:002005-08-04T14:35:40.496+09:00Sir Mortimer Wheelers Excavation Summary<div class="Section1"> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align: center;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Sir Mortimer Wheeler’s report on Arikamedu<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align: center;"><b style=""><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Summary & Relevance</span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align: center;"> <img border="0" src="file:///D:/arikamedu1/images/wheeler-1.jpg" width="197" height="217" /></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">Archeological Survey of India conducted a short but intensive excavation the burning months April, May and June 1945.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">Arikamedu represents the site of a considerable buried town on the Coramandel coast. Two sectors , Northern and Southern<span style=""> </span>excavated in 1945 and partially uncovered by previous excavators were found to have been extensively despoiled<span style=""> </span>for bricks in the middle ages and later. The Northern sector contained the remains of a substantial structure upwards of 150 feet long, built about 50 AD, on the former foreshore above vaguer vestiges of earlier occupation extending perhaps over half a century. The building from its site and character identified as a warehouse, must from the outset have been liable to flooding, and was abandoned at an early date. The southern sector on the other hand comprised a site which stood some ten feet above flood level, and was occupied for a hundred years or more from the middle of the first century AD onwards. </p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">Its principal structures consisted of two walled courtyards associated with carefully built tanks supplied and drained by a series of culverts.<span style=""> </span>It is conjectured that these tanks and courtyards were used in the preparation of the Muslin cloth which has from ancient times been a notable product of this part of <st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on">India</st1:place></st1:country-region> and is recorded by classical writers as Indian export. . </p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">Amongst the other industries of the town was that of bead making. Gold, semi precious stones, and glass were used for this purpose, and two gems carved with intaglio designs by Greco Roman gem cutters and in one instance <span class="GramE">untrimmed ,</span> suggests the presence of<span style=""> </span>Western craftsmen on the site.</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">Numerous sherds of both of a red-glazed pottery known to have been made in Italy in the first centuries of BC- AD, and of the two handled jars or Amphorae characteristic of the Mediterranean wine-trade of the period, together with Roman lamps and glass <span class="GramE">ware ,</span> combine to indicate that<span style=""> </span>Arikamedu was one of the regular “Yavanas” or Western trading stations of which both Greco-Roman and ancient Tamil writers speak. </p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">As the first of these stations actually identified by excavations in <st1:place st="on"><st1:country-region st="on"><span class="GramE">India</span></st1:country-region></st1:place><span class="GramE"> ,</span> Arikamedu will hold henceforth a distinguished position in the history of the economic relations with the outside world. </p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">A Roman market on the Coramandel coast implies <span class="GramE">a knowledge</span> of the south western monsoon, which the historians may now suppose to have been in regular use at an earlier date than was previously conjectured. The epigraphists and <span class="SpellE">paleographic</span> will find amongst the graffiti some of the earliest dated fragments of the Tamil <span class="GramE">language .</span> To the <span class="GramE">geographer ,</span> the very considerable rise in water-level shown to have occurred hereabouts within the last two thousand years , though due at least in part to local causes, is perhaps of incidental note.</p> <p class="MsoNormal">The most significant result of the excavation is that by <span class="SpellE">establishing</span> at last a précised chronological position of an extensive south Indian <span class="GramE">culture ,</span> the archeologist has provided a new starting point for the study of the pre medieval civilizations of the Indian peninsula .<span style=""> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">Chapter 1 </p> <p class="MsoNormal">The Site and Its Historical Background</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">The classical geographers and Sangam literature have familiarized the historians with the outlines of an ancient trade existed between <st1:place st="on"><st1:country-region st="on">India</st1:country-region></st1:place> and West during and after first century <span class="GramE">AD .</span> At its prime <span class="GramE">time ;</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">The Indian exports were </p> <p class="MsoNormal">1. Pepper</p> <p class="MsoNormal">2. <span class="GramE">pearls</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal">3. gem-stones</p> <p class="MsoNormal">4. <span class="GramE">muslin</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal">5. <span class="GramE">tortoise</span> shell</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span class="GramE">6.ivory</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal">7. <span class="GramE">silk</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal">And Imports to <st1:country-region st="on"><st1:place st="on">India</st1:place></st1:country-region> were</p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <ol style="margin-top: 0in;" start="1" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="">Coral</li><li class="MsoNormal" style="">Lead</li><li class="MsoNormal" style="">copper</li><li class="MsoNormal" style="">tin</li><li class="MsoNormal" style="">glass</li><li class="MsoNormal" style="">vases</li><li class="MsoNormal" style="">lamps</li><li class="MsoNormal" style="">wine</li><li class="MsoNormal" style="">coined<span style=""> </span>money</li></ol> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in;">This trade was NOT organized on lines like those of the European ‘factories’ established in India from 16<sup>th</sup> century .The Periplus of the<span style=""> </span>Erythraean<span style=""> </span>Sea ( AD 60-100) and Ptolemy ( AD150-) fairly described as treaty-ports. </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in;">Under these treaties “permanent lodges of Western traders were settled in Indian ports under formal agreement with the appropriate Indian ruler and were visited at the proper seasons by convoys of deep- sea merchantmen. </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in;">The literary sources on Roma Indian trade acknowledges the fact that the ships sailed from <span class="SpellE">Myos</span> Homos, on of the most important <span class="SpellE"> harbor</span> ports in the Red Sea during the Roman rule of Egypt to Indian port cities for trade. </p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in;"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in;"><o:p> </o:p><b><span style="font-size: 8pt;"><a style="color: rgb(0, 51, 102); text-decoration: underline;" href="http://www.arikamedu.com">HOME</a></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> </div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0